chem final pt1

entropy

disorder

enthalpy

sum of internal energy of a system

1st law of thermodynamics

law of energy conservation, total energy of the universe is constant

2nd law of thermodynamics

for any spontaneous reaction, entropy of the universe increases

entropy increases with these phase changes

solid to gas

solid to liquid

liquid to gas

increasing the number of moles during reaction

how does exothermic reaction affect entropy of the surroundings

increases the entropy of the surroundings

This reaction would have a negative delta H

how does an endothermic reaction affect the entropy of the surroundings

decreases the entropy of the surroundings

This reaction would have a positive delta H

negative delta H, positive delta S

low temperature: spontaneous

high temperature: spontaneous

positive delta H, negative delta S

low temperature:non spontaneous

high temperature:non spontaneous

negative delta H, negative delta S

low temperature:spontaneous

high temperature:non-spontaneous

postive delta H, postive delta S

low temp:non-spontaneous

high temp: spontaneous

3rd law of thermodynamics

entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is zero.

k<1

ln k should be negative; delta G standard postive; spontaneous reaction in reverse is favored

k>1

ln k is postive; delta G standard is negative; spontaneous reaction when forward is favored

k=1

ln k is zero and delta G standard is also zero; reaction is at equilibrium

Q<K

reaction shifts right

Q>K

reaction shifts left

Q=K

reaction is at equilibrium

if you increase the concentration of reactants

shift right

if you increase the concentration of products