General Biology 1- Test 3

Photosynthesis occurs in ____________, and cellular respiration occurs in ____________.

chloroplasts, mitochondria

How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?

produce ATP

The process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary. During these energy conversions, some energy is ____ in the form of ____.

lost, heat

Respiration is ___ ________, and cellular respiration ___ __________.

gas exchange, ATP production

What are the products of cellular respiration?

6CO2, 6H2O, ATP, heat

The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is

C6H12O6 + 6O2 > > > 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + heat

Humans use the calories they obtain from ____ as their source of energy.

food

Humans use about ___ of their daily calories to maintain brain cells and power other life-sustaining activities.

75%

A ___________ is defined as the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of water bt 1 degree C.

kilocalorie

The label on the box of breakfast cereal lists one serving as containing “200 Calories” per serving. How many calories are actually in one serving?

200,000

During cellular respiration, energy in glucose is carried by ________.

electrons

During redox reactions, electrons are ____ from one substance and _____ to another substance.

lost, added

Oxidation is the ____ __ _________, and reduction is the ____ __ _________.

loss of electrons, gain of electrons

In biological systems, an important enzyme involved in the regulation of redox reactions is _____________.

dehydrogenase

During cellular respiration, ____ delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule.

NADH

O2 is _______ when it _______ electrons and forms water.

reduced, accepts

A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit the _____ ____ _____ and _________ _______________.

citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

Substrate-level phosphorylation takes place during _________

__________ is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.

glycolysis

As a result of glycolysis, there is a net gain of _ ATP(s).

2

How many molecules of NADH are produced during one round of glycolysis?

2

What is a result of glycolysis?

conversion of glucose to 2 3-carbon compounds

The end products of glycolysis include ____.

NADH

________ forms at the end of glycolysis.

pyruvate

After glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle pyruvate is ________.

oxidized

The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the _____________ ______ and _____ _____________ ________.

mitochondrial matrix, inner mitochondrial membrane

The end products of the citric acid cycle include ___, ___, and _____.

CO2, ATP, FADH2

A culture of bacteria is fed glucose containing radioactive carbon and is then examined. During the citric acid cycle, radioactive carbon would first appear in _______.

citrate

At the end of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose is stored in ____.

NADH

During chemiosmosis, ___ is synthesized when ions move through a channel in ___ ________.

ATP, H+, ATP synthase

___ ________ and ________ ________ are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. A gradient of __ exists across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

ATP synthase, electron carriers, H+

The mitochondrial _______ are an adaptation that increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes.

cristae

A mutant protist is found in which some mitochondria lack an inner mitochondrial membrane. What pathway would be completely disrupted in these mitochondria?

oxidative phosphorylation

By-products of cellular respiration include ___ and ___.

CO2, H2O

In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is __. 

O2

Rotenone is a poison commonly added to insecticides. Rotenone binds tightly with one of the electron carrier molecules in the electron transport chain, preventing electrons from passing to the next carrier molecule. Insects exposed to rotenone will die because they will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ___.

ATP

As electrons move through the mitochondrial space, the __ of the intermembrane space changes.

pH

Most of the ATP derived during aerobic respiration results from _________ _______________. The total yield of ATP molecules per glucose molecule is about __.

oxidative phosphorylation, 32

The energy yield from the breakdown of a single molecule of glucose depends upon whether the NADH produced in glycolysis passes its electrons across the mitochondrial membrane to ____ or ___, the supply of __, and whether some of the ______ of the H+ gradient is used for work other than ___ production.

NAD+, FAD, O2, energy, ATP

_______ ___________ produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized.

aerobic respiration

In fermentation, ____ is ________.

NADH, oxidized

When an organism such as yeast lives by fermentation, it converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into a different compound, such as alcohol. Why doesn’t it secrete the pyruvate directly?

the conversion is needed to regenerate the molecules needed for glycolysis

A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from skeletal muscle cells. However, the muscles still function. Physicians find that the muscles contain large amounts of _______ following even mild ________ ________.

lactate, physical activity

In yeast cells, _______ is produced after __________.

alcohol, glycolysis

Bacteria that are unable to survive in the presence of oxygen are called ________ _________.

obligate anaerobes

Yeasts can produce ATP by either fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation; thus, they are ___________.

facultative

Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic system because it occurs ___________, does not require __, and it is not located in a membrane-bound _________.

universally, O2, organelle

To obtain energy from starch and glycogen, the body must begin by ___________ both starch and glycogen to _______.

hydrolyzing, glucose

When proteins are used as a source of energy for the body, the proteins are converted mainly into intermediates of ________ or the ______ ____ _____.

glycolysis, citric acid cycle

If you consume 1 g each of fat, protein, starch, and glucose, ___ yields the most ATP.

fat

When a cell uses fats for aerobic respiration, it first hydrolyzes fats to ________ and _____ _____.

glycerol, fatty acids

Food provides the raw materials for biosynthetic pathways that 1) make molecules for cellular ______ and ______, 2) can produce molecules that are not actually present in the original food, and 3) consume ___

repair, growth, ATP

The conversion of CO2 and H2O into organic compounds using energy from light is called ______________.

photosynthesis

If ATP accumulates in a cell ________ __________ slows down ________ ___________.

feedback inhibition, cellular respiration

The antibiotic oligomycin works by inhibiting ATP synthase. You would expect that __ will accumulate in the intermembrane space.

H+

Arsenic is a poison that binds to a molecule needed to build acetyl CoA. Based on this information, which part of cellular respiration would be stopped if arsenic were ingested?

the citric acid cycle

Cellular respiration demonstrates the theme of matter and energy in that energy in ____ is transferred to energy in ___.

food, ATP

Food provides ___ _________ for biosynthesis and ______ for cell activities.

raw materials, energy

__________ are organisms that can make their own food and thus sustain themselves without consuming organic material derived from other organisms.

autotrophs

Photoautotrophs produce _______ molecules from _________ molecules.

organic, inorganic

Photoautotrophs include:

plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

Autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source are _______________.

photoautotrophs

In most green plants, chloroplasts are concentrated in a zone of leaf tissue called the _________.

mesophyll

_________ cells in leaves are specialized for photosynthesis.

mesophyll

CO2 enters and O2 escapes from a leaf via _____ (or stomata).

stoma

In the chloroplasts, sugars are made in a compartment that is filled with a thick fluid called the ______.

stroma

Thylakoids are arranged in stacks called _____.

grana

Where is chlorophyll found in a plant cell?

thylakoid membranes

The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from ___.

H2O

The chemical equation for photosynthesis is:

6CO2 + 6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2

A redox reaction involves the transfer of an ________.

electron

In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is _______ to form sugar, whereas in respiration, sugar is ________ to form carbon dioxide.

reduced, oxidized

What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis?

light

Photosynthesis is ultimately powered by _____ energy and respiration by the ________ energy of fuel molecules. Photosynthesis produces __; respiration produces ___; photosynthesis consumes ___; respiration consumes __.

light, chemical, O2, CO2, CO2, O2

The light reactions occur in the __________, while the Calvin Cycle occurs in the ______.

thylakoids, stroma

What are the products during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

ATP, NADPH, O2

What is part of the light reaction?

O2 (waste product)

What is produced during the Calvin cycle?

glucose, NADP+, ADP

______ ________ occurs when carbon atoms from CO2 are incorporated into an organic molecule.

carbon fixation

Sunlight is a type of _______________ energy.

electromagnetic

Why are most plants green?

chlorophyll a reflects green light

What color contributes the least energy to photosynthesis?

green

The full range of electromagnetic energy is called the _______________ spectrum.

electromagnetic

What wavelength of light would you expect to be reflected or transmitted by chlorophyll?

green

chlorophyll b passes absorbed energy to ___________ _.

chlorophyll a

Plant cells are protected from the harmful effects of excessive light energy and reactive oxidative molecules by ___________.

carotenoids

A packet of light energy is called a ______.

photon

Energy can be released by the excited electron as ____, _____, or ____________.

heat, light, fluorescence

What photosynthetic pigment can be found at the photosystem reaction center?

chlorophyll a

What molecules are products of photosynthesis?

glucose and O2

Clusters of light-gathering pigments in a photosystem pass energy to the ________ ______.

reaction center

In a photosystem, clusters of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid pigments function most like an _______.

antenna

The energy that excites the photosystems is supplied by _______.

photons

An electron transport chain of the light reactions shuttles electrons from photosystem __ to photosystem _.

II, I

As a result of the cascade of electrons moving down the electron transport chain and leaving the light reactions NADP+ is _______ to NADPH.

reduced

The electrons lost from the reaction center of photosystem I are replaced by electrons from photosystem __

II

The electrons lost from the reaction center of photosystem II are replaced by electrons from ___.

H2O

Photosystem __ passes electrons to photosystem _.

II, I

Photophosphorylation during photosynthesis differs from oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration in that the final electron acceptor is _____ and not ______.

NADP+, oxygen

In photophosphorylation, energy from electron flow is used to transport __ from the ______ to the thylakoid compartment, generating a concentration gradient of __.

H+, stroma, H+