Unit 4 Egypt/Meso Test

City- state

groups of cities ruled by one central government

Sargon of Akkad

conquered Sumer, ruled worlds first empire (Akkadian empire) while traveling and constantly taking over, Enheduanna was daughter as high priestess

Enheduanna

Daughter of Sargon of Akkad, first author, named as high priestess in city of ur

Babylonian (Amorite) Empire

Hammurabi with his law code on pillars and is Semetic speaking with cuneiform

Sumer

city states ruled by king-priests with unknown language family, used cuneiform, built ziggurats

Akkadian empire (Akkad)

Sargon conquered sumer, empire -→ enheduanna, semetic speajing with cuneiform

Epic of Gilgamesh

poem from mesopotamia abaut Gilgamesh on a journey for immortality.

Endiku

created as an equal counterpart for Gilgamesh viewed as wilderness

Ut-napishtim

man who used to be mortal but was awarded immortality along with his wife after surviving great flood

Urshanabi

ferryman of Ut-napishtim goes across water of death which mortals cannot recross once already crossed, helped gilgamesh obtain immortality planteee

Humbaba

Monster guardian of the cedar forest

Hammarabi’s Law code

came from god marduck carved on stele pillars, higher classes and men pay less, with related equally brutal punishments for the crimes

Ziggurat

Stepped building with temple at the top

cuneiform

started from a need for record keeping, wedge shaped tools to carve symbols onto clay tablets

pharaoh

divine king and god of ancient Egypt means “great house” or “palace”

dynasty

succession of ruler from the same family

Nubia/Kush

northern part of modern Sudan that engaged in trade with egypt (ivory, ebony, frankincense, leapord skin) was taken by egypt but became independent during new kingdom took over egypt after developed iron.

Delta

area between rivers made up of tributaries that flood and dry up

cataracts

water falls within the nile river

Ma’at

cosmic balance in which the pharaos have to maintain

Narmer/Menes

united the lower and upper parts of egypt into one territory

Hatshepsut

husband died, ruled for young son, expanded territory and made 3 way peace- treaty built temple at beir

Amenhotep IV (akhenaten)

changed religion from polytheistic to monotheistic worship of sun god, Akhenate. son is king tut

heiroglyphics

symbolic, pictoral writings carved into stone

heiretic script

simplified cersion used by scribes on papurus for holy text

Demotic script

used by the people of egypt

book of the dead

collection of spells + magic formulas placed in tombs to help dead navigate journey of afterlife

Ka

the spirit that is like the double of the person

Ba

then personality; with head of man, body of bird and can fly between land of dead and living

Ea/Enki

god of fresh water, knowledge, creation

Shamash/Utu

god of justice + equality

Enil/Ellil

god of air, atmosphere

Ishtar/Innana

goddess of beauty, love, sex, war, justice

Ra/Re

God of Sun, kingship, power, light

Isis

Goddess of fertility, healing, magic

Osiris

Lord of the underworld, dead, vegetation

Nephthys

Goddess of air + sky

Set

god of war, chaos, storms

Horus

god of power and importance of all aspects of life

Anubis

God of the dead

Mesopotamian scientific and intellectual accomplishments

Cylinder seals, ziggurats, number system, cuneiform, calander, astrology,

Geographic barriers of egypt

Delta, cataracts, deserts, big hills