CHEM 8020: PPP & Insulin and Glucagon

These flashcards cover key concepts and terminology from the CHEM 8020 lecture on the Pentose Phosphate Pathway and the roles of insulin and glucagon.

Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)

A metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate.

Starting Material of PPP

Glucose-6-phosphate.

Two Phases of PPP

Oxidative phase (irreversible) and Non-oxidative phase (reversible).

Rate-limiting enzyme in PPP

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Major byproduct for lipid synthesis from PPP

NADPH.

Regulation of PPP

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is regulated by NADP+ and NADPH levels.

End product of the first phase of PPP

Ribulose-5-phosphate.

Major products from the second phase of PPP

Ribose-5-phosphate and xylulose-5-phosphate.

Uses of ribose-5-phosphate

Essential for nucleotide synthesis.

Uses of NADPH

Used in biosynthetic reactions and oxidative stress responses.

G-6-P Dehydrogenase deficiency symptoms

Symptoms include hemolytic anemia, jaundice, and fatigue.

Fasting hormone

Glucagon.

Fed hormone

Insulin.

Receptor activation for insulin

Binding to its receptor activates a tyrosine kinase.

Receptor activation for glucagon

Binding to its receptor activates a G-coupled protein.

Phosphatase activation in insulin signaling

The signaling cascade into the cell results in the activation of a phosphatase.

Kinase activation in glucagon signaling

The signaling cascade into the cell results in the activation of a kinase.

Insulin effect on regulated enzymes

Insulin stimulates the phosphorylation of regulated enzymes.

Glucagon effect on regulated enzymes

Glucagon stimulates the de-phosphorylation of regulated enzymes.

Hormone stimulated by stress hormones

Glucagon.

Hormone inhibited by stress hormones

Insulin.

Insulin effect on glycolysis

Turns on glycolysis.

Glucagon effect on gluconeogenesis

Turns on gluconeogenesis.

Effect of glucagon on glycogenesis

Turns off glycogenesis.

Effect of glucagon on glycogenolysis

Turns off glycogenolysis.

Insulin effect on lipogenesis

Turns on lipogenesis and proteogenesis.

Glucagon effect on lipolysis

Turns on lipolysis and proteolysis.

Anabolic hormone

Insulin (stimulates building and storing).

Catabolic hormone

Glucagon (stimulates freeing of fuels like glucose and fatty acids to make ATP).