Arch 214A- Final Review Identification Cards

Identify

Dome of the Rock

Jerusalem

632-691 CE

Significance - Dome of the Rock

• Muslim, Christian, and Jewish center geographically

  • Where Jewish Temples 1-3 were before the destruction and Abraham almost sacrificed Isaac

  • “navel of the world“

  • Where it is said Muhammad ascended to get law

• Inspired by Byzantine and Eastern architecture

• Scrit becomes a pattern- literally made with/ of the Qur’an, a type of circumambulation to read scripture

  • forbidden representation of people

• emphasis of depth v flatness, ornamentation and filigree

• Grid- 8 sides, 4 piers, 2 ambulatories

Identify

Umayyad Mosque

Damascus, Syria

706-715

by the Umayyads (precursors to the Abbasid Caliphate)

Significance- Umayyad Mosque

• “school“- learning and scholarship

• a celebration of the home of the empire inside the dome

• similarities with the house of Muhammad

  • 4th most holy place and popular template for mosques

• History- it was a Roman temple, then a christian church, then mosque

  • burial place of John the Baptist

• Vegetal Mosaics

• 3 MINARETS (towers to call to prayer)

• emphasis on transverse axis

• The center of the Qibla has a dome with bold names of early rulers, Allah, and Muhammad

Identify

the Great Mosque

Cordoba, Spain

786

By the Umayyads, fleeing East to Spain from the Abbasids

Significance- The Great Mosque of Cordoba

• hypostyle hall

  • originally built like Muhammads house, then mutated over time

  • field condition, multiplicity, hall of mirrors effect

• Reconquest of Spain was celebrated in this space, with Horseshoe shape from Visigoth architecture - Mihrab

  • because of expansion, the mihrab faces south not Mecca

• Dome with overlapping arches

Identify-

Candi Bahal II

Pulau Sumatra

11-13th Cent

Significance- Candi Bahal II

• example of sacred landscape

  • free standing objects in the landscape

  • square geometries

  • articulation not in the perimeter but in the additions

• comparable to the shore temple

  • Garbhagriha and inner sanctum evolved to just be a garbhagriha with extra walls around it

Identify

Borobudur

Java Island, Indonesia

800

Significance- Borobudur

• mandala- like geometries

  • 6 square platforms topped by circular platforms, 72 buddhas around the top stupa and 500 inside

  • implies 3rd dimension, 4 entrances/pathways

• Levels: World of Desire, World of Forms, and Formlessness

• practical and meditative texts carved into the walls- knowledge

• made their own sacred mountain, Mt. Merapi (communicate with ancestors)

Identify-

Angkor Wat (Vrah Vishnoluk)

Cambodia

1125

Suryavarman II

Significance- Angkor Wat

• City of temples

  • one of the largest cities at the time

  • Rice, Holy land, forests, army, temple

  • gold plated

  • moat= primeval ocean/// structural support of moist pressurized sand

  • elephant terrace for the king, Main entrance to the West for Vishnu

• Suryavarman II built it, and depicted himself as Vishnu

  • 100 yrs later, Hinduism—> Buddhism

• Fractal repetition

Identify

Abbot Haito

Ideal Monastery Plan by St Gall

820-830

significance- Abbot Haito

• never built- just a proposed plan

• the ideal living and study spaces for monks

• kitchen, brewery, hospital, orchard, blacksmith, etc

  • pretty much a little city for monks

Identify

Sainte Foy

Conques, France

1050-1130 CE

—> Romanesque

Significance- St Foy

• holds the stolen relic of a martyr killed for not renouncing Christianity

  • priest undercover for 10 years

  • pilgrims provided the relic with jewels and gems

• Ribs on barrel vaults, exterior buttresses

• TYMPANUM with heaven and hell depictions

• intention for pilgrimage seen in the plan- isles to circle around

  • CHEVET -Head of the church (for priests, etc) radiating chapels, ambulatory, apse, choir

  • Body of the church- transept, crossing, nave, isles, porch

Identify

Abbey Church

St. Denis, France

1137-1144 CE

—> Gothic

Significance- Abbey Church

• the first Gothic church, where kings are crowned and buried (Gothic is an assertion of French royalty against knights and lords)

  • rose window

  • pointed arches from islamic architecture

  • portals around the tympanum like the arch of Constantine

  • stained glass illumination

• Suget added a new abbey to reflect wealth of the Kingdom

  • money from looting the holy land and Byzantine sacking and indulgences

• Only one bell tower (there were supposed to be two)

• TYMPANUM- kingly Jesus

Identify

Mosque of Ibn Tulun

Fustat, Cairo

879 CE

By Abbasids

Significance- Mosque of Ibn Tulun

• Spiraling clean surfaced MINARETS

• in Abbasid style

  • clean geometry and planes

  • central fountain structure, verticality

• engaged columns and pointed arches

• SPANDREL open to the outside

• INTRADOS with ornamentation

Identify

Great Mosque of Djenne

Mali

13th cent, rebuilt 1907

Significance- Great Mosque of Djenne

• made of mud

• regular grid scaffolding

• French rebuilding under colonization as if French cathedral w formal symmetry

• The annual festival of rebuilding and revising with mud

  • mosque is common property and should be protected locally

  • even local houses imitate the style

• Mihrab on the outside

• Ostrich eggs on top for fertility and sanctity

Identify-

Bieta Giorgis- House of St George

Lalibela, Ethiopia

1200

Significance- Bieta Giorgis

• Lalibela

  • “new Jerusalem“- reproduction of landscape and sacred sites and rivers

• shaped like the Eastern Orthodox Coptic cross

• house for the poor, fortress, devotion \

• Central square with other squares on a grid

• Interiors carved like exterior

• Sacred springs

  • miracles, fertility, wells carved into the landscape

Identify-

The Imperial Palace (Forbidden City)

Beijing, China

Begun 15th cent

Significance- The Imperial Palace/ Forbidden City

• imperial city on the outside, forbidden city on the inside

• expression of power to stop resistance, defensive and military but also political epicenter

• Fung Shwei principles in the design

  • artificial hill as a testament to the labor used

  • river of golden water- 5 bridges, bow, snake

• lots of colors and power, levels of privacy and purity and sanctity

Identify-

Hall of Supreme Harmony

Beijing, China- the forbidden city

1406-1420

Significance- Hall of Supreme Harmony

• the most elite building complex in china, largest wooden building

• spiritual center of the city

• one giant marble slab staircase for the emperor to be carried over it

• Dragon symbolism- power, beauty, cosmology

• Highest standard two eave hop roof

• throne room and exam congratulatory space

  • as if an extension of emperors clothing

  • power

Identify-

Temple of Heaven

Beijing

1406-1420

Significance- Temple of Heaven

• the most sacred space in China

• 3 main structures

• circle symbolizing heaven for solstices and New Year

• Stone symbolism and numerology

  • 7 peaks of Tai Shen Mountains

• Hall of prayer for good harvests and imperial vault for the emperor to pray for good harvests

Identify-

Pueblo Bonito

Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

920-1125

Anasazi Culture

Significance- Pueblo Bonito

• not a town but rather a palace - a religious city? Ceremonial? room for many, food for few.

  • regularly spaced great houses to organize regional activity (roads)

  • Semicircle shape E/W direction— orientation, trade

  • centralized resources on CULTURE ROADS - unbending to topography

• KIVA - multipurpose round spaces for meeting or rituals, symbolizing the sky, gateways to the other world NAVELS

Identify-

Mesa Verde

Colorado

850-1300

Anasazi Culture

Significance- Mesa Verde

• many rooms built into the side of the rock

• defensive space

• KIVAS, one navel in each Kiva

• Farming reliance

• Windows all face South for sunlight and rain protection

Identify-

Aztec Capitol of Tenochtitlan, Templo Mayor Complex

Mexico

1325-1521

Aztecs

Significance- Tenochtitlan

• For the God of War Huitzilopochtli —> skull racks and prisoners of war

• Aztlan = ancient homeland. Tenochtitlan tried to emulate it

  • Eagle with snake on Cactus symbolism

• Settled in 14th cent, peaked 16th cent (parallels the Forbidden city), remodeled in the 15th cent like Teotihuacan

• Hernan Cortez

• Diego Rivera Painting

• Quarters for education and arts

• CHINAPAS- lake soil for corn and food- 7 harvests a year

Templo Mayor

• constantly rebuilt to honor war and rain god- where the eagle landed on the cactus

• sacred precinct

  • priest houses, chapels, schools, grove of trees, throne of Montezuma

compare- Florence

Identify-

Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore

Florence

1417-1436

Filippo Brunelleschi

Significance-

• Florence v Rome competition for grandeur - medieval arms race

• 40K tons of brick

• kickstarted the Renaissance

• herringbone pattern, flower rope guide

• becomes an expression of the city and its capacity to dream

• built without wooden support beams, but the classical lost art of stonemasonry learned by the pantheon

Identify-

Foundling Hospital- Ospedale degli Innocenti

Florence

1419-1424

Filippo Brunelleschi

Significance- Foundling hospital

• refuge for unwanted babies- to safely leave them

• Loggia is central to the space and courtyard (outdoor corridor with covered roof) for foundling port

• arc to line & perfected geometry

• ornamentation of children on spandrel

—> Brunelleschi is named architect: NEW PHENOMENON

Identify-

New Sacristy and Laurentian Library at the Basilica of San Lorenzo

Florence

1519-1534

Michelangelo

Significance-

• large elements in small rooms (doors, stairs) like knowledge flowing out of the library into the space

• Medicis posing as intellectuals and scholars

• very renaissance statues

• the scholastic meets the humanities- civic life and educated class

Identify-

Tempietto at San Pietro

Montorio Rome

1502

Donato Bramante

Significance- Tempietto at San Pietro

• on the site of St Peters crucifixion

  • Martyrium is a center of celebration

• Paid for by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

• Bramante reads Alberti, influenced by the Mausoleum of Diocletian (305)

  • underground prayer chamber, not body

Identify-

Urban Plan for Rome

late 16th cent

Pope Sixtus V

Significance- Urban Plan for Rome by Pope Sixtus V

• in light of the Reformation to make Catholicism appealing again

  • Counterreformation & Council of Trent 1545-1563

    1) cultural persuasion

    2) new religious orders

    3) inquisitions

• THE CITY IS A GARDEN

• Deep historical views

• transportation renewal through carriages

Identify-

Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and Giacomo della Porta Il Gesu

Rome

1568-1577

—> Baroque

Significance- Il Gesu

• HQ for Jesuits (roman catholic men with special duties)

• Santa Maria Novella 100 yrs later

• Basillica plan as a box not cross (reverting back to Roman for emphasis on the people, preaching, communion, eucharist)

  • Corinthian columns

• “comic book” ceilings - division of the saved and the damned

Identify-

Cornaro Chapel at Santa Maria della Vittoria

Rome

1647-1652

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Significance- Santa Maria della Vittoria

• St Teresa getting a vision of angels, connection and pleasure through stabbing. moaning

• Fake perspective in the reliefs of patrons on either end of the statue

Identify-

Covenant of San Agustin

Acolman, Mexico

1520-1560

Significance-

• Dominican order with their own beliefs

• triumphal arch in front, built by Mexica builders

  • church friars incorporated Pre-Columbian open spaces

• Atrial Cross

  • Christian and indigenous features

  • telling Christ’s story in the language of the indigenous, Jesus becomes like an Aztec tree

  • Pierced heart

Identify-

Church of Santo Domingo

Cusco, Peru

1537-1700

—> built on Incan Qorkiancha (1438)

Significance-

• demolished complex, melted gold and silver, ransoming the leader and holding for ransom

  • erasing, displacing, integrating, resisting

• using enslaved people

Identify-

El Escorial,

Madrid, Spain

1565-1584

Juan Bautista de Toledo

Significance- El Escorial

• Made for Felipe II, a defender of the catholic faith

• made in Renaissance Gothic for glory and power

• Retablo structures