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Identify
Dome of the Rock
Jerusalem
632-691 CE
Significance - Dome of the Rock
Muslim, Christian, and Jewish center geographically
Where Jewish Temples 1-3 were before the destruction and Abraham almost sacrificed Isaac
“navel of the world“
Where it is said Muhammad ascended to get law
Inspired by Byzantine and Eastern architecture
Scrit becomes a pattern- literally made with/ of the Qur’an, a type of circumambulation to read scripture
forbidden representation of people
emphasis of depth v flatness, ornamentation and filigree
Grid- 8 sides, 4 piers, 2 ambulatories
Identify
Umayyad Mosque
Damascus, Syria
706-715
by the Umayyads (precursors to the Abbasid Caliphate)
Significance- Umayyad Mosque
“school“- learning and scholarship
a celebration of the home of the empire inside the dome
similarities with the house of Muhammad
4th most holy place and popular template for mosques
History- it was a Roman temple, then a christian church, then mosque
burial place of John the Baptist
Vegetal Mosaics
3 MINARETS (towers to call to prayer)
emphasis on transverse axis
The center of the Qibla has a dome with bold names of early rulers, Allah, and Muhammad
Identify
the Great Mosque
Cordoba, Spain
786
By the Umayyads, fleeing East to Spain from the Abbasids
Significance- The Great Mosque of Cordoba
hypostyle hall
originally built like Muhammads house, then mutated over time
field condition, multiplicity, hall of mirrors effect
Reconquest of Spain was celebrated in this space, with Horseshoe shape from Visigoth architecture - Mihrab
because of expansion, the mihrab faces south not Mecca
Dome with overlapping arches
Identify-
Candi Bahal II
Pulau Sumatra
11-13th Cent
Significance- Candi Bahal II
example of sacred landscape
free standing objects in the landscape
square geometries
articulation not in the perimeter but in the additions
comparable to the shore temple
Garbhagriha and inner sanctum evolved to just be a garbhagriha with extra walls around it
Identify
Borobudur
Java Island, Indonesia
800
Significance- Borobudur
mandala- like geometries
6 square platforms topped by circular platforms, 72 buddhas around the top stupa and 500 inside
implies 3rd dimension, 4 entrances/pathways
Levels: World of Desire, World of Forms, and Formlessness
practical and meditative texts carved into the walls- knowledge
made their own sacred mountain, Mt. Merapi (communicate with ancestors)
Identify-
Angkor Wat (Vrah Vishnoluk)
Cambodia
1125
Suryavarman II
Significance- Angkor Wat
City of temples
one of the largest cities at the time
Rice, Holy land, forests, army, temple
gold plated
moat= primeval ocean/// structural support of moist pressurized sand
elephant terrace for the king, Main entrance to the West for Vishnu
Suryavarman II built it, and depicted himself as Vishnu
100 yrs later, Hinduism—> Buddhism
Fractal repetition
Identify
Abbot Haito
Ideal Monastery Plan by St Gall
820-830
significance- Abbot Haito
never built- just a proposed plan
the ideal living and study spaces for monks
kitchen, brewery, hospital, orchard, blacksmith, etc
pretty much a little city for monks
Identify
Sainte Foy
Conques, France
1050-1130 CE
—> Romanesque
Significance- St Foy
holds the stolen relic of a martyr killed for not renouncing Christianity
priest undercover for 10 years
pilgrims provided the relic with jewels and gems
Ribs on barrel vaults, exterior buttresses
TYMPANUM with heaven and hell depictions
intention for pilgrimage seen in the plan- isles to circle around
CHEVET -Head of the church (for priests, etc) radiating chapels, ambulatory, apse, choir
Body of the church- transept, crossing, nave, isles, porch
Identify
Abbey Church
St. Denis, France
1137-1144 CE
—> Gothic
Significance- Abbey Church
the first Gothic church, where kings are crowned and buried (Gothic is an assertion of French royalty against knights and lords)
rose window
pointed arches from islamic architecture
portals around the tympanum like the arch of Constantine
stained glass illumination
Suget added a new abbey to reflect wealth of the Kingdom
money from looting the holy land and Byzantine sacking and indulgences
Only one bell tower (there were supposed to be two)
TYMPANUM- kingly Jesus
Identify
Mosque of Ibn Tulun
Fustat, Cairo
879 CE
By Abbasids
Significance- Mosque of Ibn Tulun
Spiraling clean surfaced MINARETS
in Abbasid style
clean geometry and planes
central fountain structure, verticality
engaged columns and pointed arches
SPANDREL open to the outside
INTRADOS with ornamentation
Identify
Great Mosque of Djenne
Mali
13th cent, rebuilt 1907
Significance- Great Mosque of Djenne
made of mud
regular grid scaffolding
French rebuilding under colonization as if French cathedral w formal symmetry
The annual festival of rebuilding and revising with mud
mosque is common property and should be protected locally
even local houses imitate the style
Mihrab on the outside
Ostrich eggs on top for fertility and sanctity
Identify-
Bieta Giorgis- House of St George
Lalibela, Ethiopia
1200
Significance- Bieta Giorgis
Lalibela
“new Jerusalem“- reproduction of landscape and sacred sites and rivers
shaped like the Eastern Orthodox Coptic cross
house for the poor, fortress, devotion \
Central square with other squares on a grid
Interiors carved like exterior
Sacred springs
miracles, fertility, wells carved into the landscape
Identify-
The Imperial Palace (Forbidden City)
Beijing, China
Begun 15th cent
Significance- The Imperial Palace/ Forbidden City
imperial city on the outside, forbidden city on the inside
expression of power to stop resistance, defensive and military but also political epicenter
Fung Shwei principles in the design
artificial hill as a testament to the labor used
river of golden water- 5 bridges, bow, snake
lots of colors and power, levels of privacy and purity and sanctity
Identify-
Hall of Supreme Harmony
Beijing, China- the forbidden city
1406-1420
Significance- Hall of Supreme Harmony
the most elite building complex in china, largest wooden building
spiritual center of the city
one giant marble slab staircase for the emperor to be carried over it
Dragon symbolism- power, beauty, cosmology
Highest standard two eave hop roof
throne room and exam congratulatory space
as if an extension of emperors clothing
power
Identify-
Temple of Heaven
Beijing
1406-1420
Significance- Temple of Heaven
the most sacred space in China
3 main structures
circle symbolizing heaven for solstices and New Year
Stone symbolism and numerology
7 peaks of Tai Shen Mountains
Hall of prayer for good harvests and imperial vault for the emperor to pray for good harvests
Identify-
Pueblo Bonito
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico
920-1125
Anasazi Culture
Significance- Pueblo Bonito
not a town but rather a palace - a religious city? Ceremonial? room for many, food for few.
regularly spaced great houses to organize regional activity (roads)
Semicircle shape E/W direction— orientation, trade
centralized resources on CULTURE ROADS - unbending to topography
KIVA - multipurpose round spaces for meeting or rituals, symbolizing the sky, gateways to the other world NAVELS
Identify-
Mesa Verde
Colorado
850-1300
Anasazi Culture
Significance- Mesa Verde
many rooms built into the side of the rock
defensive space
KIVAS, one navel in each Kiva
Farming reliance
Windows all face South for sunlight and rain protection
Identify-
Aztec Capitol of Tenochtitlan, Templo Mayor Complex
Mexico
1325-1521
Aztecs
Significance- Tenochtitlan
For the God of War Huitzilopochtli —> skull racks and prisoners of war
Aztlan = ancient homeland. Tenochtitlan tried to emulate it
Eagle with snake on Cactus symbolism
Settled in 14th cent, peaked 16th cent (parallels the Forbidden city), remodeled in the 15th cent like Teotihuacan
Hernan Cortez
Diego Rivera Painting
Quarters for education and arts
CHINAPAS- lake soil for corn and food- 7 harvests a year
Templo Mayor
constantly rebuilt to honor war and rain god- where the eagle landed on the cactus
sacred precinct
priest houses, chapels, schools, grove of trees, throne of Montezuma
compare- Florence
Identify-
Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore
Florence
1417-1436
Filippo Brunelleschi
Significance-
Florence v Rome competition for grandeur - medieval arms race
40K tons of brick
kickstarted the Renaissance
herringbone pattern, flower rope guide
becomes an expression of the city and its capacity to dream
built without wooden support beams, but the classical lost art of stonemasonry learned by the pantheon
Identify-
Foundling Hospital- Ospedale degli Innocenti
Florence
1419-1424
Filippo Brunelleschi
Significance- Foundling hospital
refuge for unwanted babies- to safely leave them
Loggia is central to the space and courtyard (outdoor corridor with covered roof) for foundling port
arc to line & perfected geometry
ornamentation of children on spandrel
—> Brunelleschi is named architect: NEW PHENOMENON
Identify-
New Sacristy and Laurentian Library at the Basilica of San Lorenzo
Florence
1519-1534
Michelangelo
Significance-
large elements in small rooms (doors, stairs) like knowledge flowing out of the library into the space
Medicis posing as intellectuals and scholars
very renaissance statues
the scholastic meets the humanities- civic life and educated class
Identify-
Tempietto at San Pietro
Montorio Rome
1502
Donato Bramante
Significance- Tempietto at San Pietro
on the site of St Peters crucifixion
Martyrium is a center of celebration
Paid for by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
Bramante reads Alberti, influenced by the Mausoleum of Diocletian (305)
underground prayer chamber, not body
Identify-
Urban Plan for Rome
late 16th cent
Pope Sixtus V
Significance- Urban Plan for Rome by Pope Sixtus V
in light of the Reformation to make Catholicism appealing again
Counterreformation & Council of Trent 1545-1563
1) cultural persuasion
2) new religious orders
3) inquisitions
THE CITY IS A GARDEN
Deep historical views
transportation renewal through carriages
Identify-
Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and Giacomo della Porta Il Gesu
Rome
1568-1577
—> Baroque
Significance- Il Gesu
HQ for Jesuits (roman catholic men with special duties)
Santa Maria Novella 100 yrs later
Basillica plan as a box not cross (reverting back to Roman for emphasis on the people, preaching, communion, eucharist)
Corinthian columns
“comic book” ceilings - division of the saved and the damned
Identify-
Cornaro Chapel at Santa Maria della Vittoria
Rome
1647-1652
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Significance- Santa Maria della Vittoria
St Teresa getting a vision of angels, connection and pleasure through stabbing. moaning
Fake perspective in the reliefs of patrons on either end of the statue
Identify-
Covenant of San Agustin
Acolman, Mexico
1520-1560
Significance-
Dominican order with their own beliefs
triumphal arch in front, built by Mexica builders
church friars incorporated Pre-Columbian open spaces
Atrial Cross
Christian and indigenous features
telling Christ’s story in the language of the indigenous, Jesus becomes like an Aztec tree
Pierced heart
Identify-
Church of Santo Domingo
Cusco, Peru
1537-1700
—> built on Incan Qorkiancha (1438)
Significance-
demolished complex, melted gold and silver, ransoming the leader and holding for ransom
erasing, displacing, integrating, resisting
using enslaved people
Identify-
El Escorial,
Madrid, Spain
1565-1584
Juan Bautista de Toledo
Significance- El Escorial
Made for Felipe II, a defender of the catholic faith
made in Renaissance Gothic for glory and power
Retablo structures