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PBS Biology Honors Final Study Guide
Why do biologists organize things?
To organize things into groups that have biological meaning.
Who are systematists?
People who group and name organism based on studies of their different characteristics.
Who developed the classification system we usen today?
Carolus Linnaeus
What do the two words of the binomial nomenclature system identify?
Genus and species
What is the species name of humans?
Sapiens
What language do taxonomists use and why?
Latin, since it’s a dead language it never changes.
How do you write a scientific name?
Genus name capitalized, whole thing underlined.
How do you type a scientific name?
You use italics. Hooray!
What tool can anyone use to identify organisms?
A dichotomous key.
What is a dichotomous key?
It is a key made up of a set of numbered statements dealing with a set characteristic of an organism.
What is the smallest taxon?
Species
What is the largest taxon?
Domain
All the taxon in order from largest to smallest
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What is evolution?
The process of change over time.
What are the three patterns of biodiversity noted by Darwin?
Species vary globally, locally, and over time.
What is artificial selection?
Nature provides variation within a species, and humans select those they find useful.
What are Darwin’s concepts that formed his theory?
Struggle for Existence
Variation and Adaptation
Survival of the Fittest
What is an adaptation?
Any heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.
What is fitness?
How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its enviroment.
What is natural selection?
Process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring.
What is phylogeny?
Evolutionary history of lineages.
What is a clade?
A group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all of the descendants living and extinct.
What is a monophyletic group?
Includes a single one common ancestor and all of its descendants.
What is a cladogram?
Links groups or organisms by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off from common ancestors.
What are the two main characteristics that distinguish between the six kingdoms?
Cell Type/Structure and Method of obtaining energy
Which two kingdoms have prokaryotes?
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Are prokaryotes multicellular or unicellular?
Unicellular
How big are prokaryotes?
They are microscopic.
Are prokaryotes heterotrophs or autotrophs?
Prokaryotes are heterotrophs and autotrophs.
How do autotrophic protists gain energy?
They photsynthesize and chemosynthesize.
Where do archaebacteria live?
In extreme enviroments, often without oxygen
Where do Eubacteria live?
Eubacteria live everywhere except in extreme enviroments.
Are all Eubacteria harmful?
Not all Eubacteria are harmful. Some are harmless and even helpful.
What is the kingdom name for protists?
Protista
Where do protists live?
Protists live in moist environments.
Are protists unicellular or multicellular?
All protists are unicellular except for brown-algae.
Are protists heterotrophs or autotrophs?
Protists are heterotrophs and autotrophs.
Are fungi heterotrophs or autotrophs?
Fungi are heterotrophs
How do fungi move?
Fungi are non-motile (they don’t)
How do fungi gain energy?
They decompose dead things to obtain energy.
Are fungi multicellular or unicellular?
Fungi are multicellular
What is an example of a fungus?
A mushroom.
What is a virus?
A particle that causes disease in organisms.
Are viruses living?
Viruses are not living.
Why can’t viruses be living?
They don’t meet all of the characteristics of life.
What is the only thing a virus can do?
Replicate.
What is a host cell?
The cell in which a virus replicates
What is a bacteriophage?
A virus that only infects bacteria.
What is the core of a virus made of?
Nucleic acid
What is a capsid?
Protein coat of a virus that surrounds the nucleic acid core.
What is an envelope?
A protective outer layer made of lipids, proteins, qand carbohydrates.
What viruses have envelopes?
Animal-infecting viruses. AKA enveloped viruses
What is an example of an enveloped virus?
Human influenza
What two things does the protein arrangement of a capsid determine?
Shape and what the virus will infect.
How many viral shapes are there?
4
Rod-shaped virus
Long, narrow, and helical in shape. Ex: Tobacoo-mosaic virus
Polyhedral virus
Many sided, resemble small crystals. Ex: Polio
Enveloped virus
Capsid is encased with an envelope studded with projections. Ex: HIV
Head with tail
Infect bacteria and consist of a polyhedral head attached to a cylindrical tail with leg-like fibers.
How specific are viruses?
Very specific
Why is the specificity of viruses important?
Specificity is important for controlling the spread of disease.
How long is a typical lytic cycle?
30 minutes.
How many new viruses can be produced during the lytic cycle?
200
Lytic Cycle
Viral replication process that rapidly kills the host cell by causing it to lyse/burst
What are the phases of the Lytic Cycle in order?
Attachment
Entry
Replication
Assembly
Lysis and Release
Attachment (Lytic Cycle)
Viral proteins recognize and attach to the plasma membrane of the host cell.
Entry (Lytic Cycle)
The virus injects its nucleic acid into the host cell.
Replication (Lytic Cycle)
The viral nucleic acid takes over the metabolism of the host cell, forcing it to make viral nucleic acid and protein.
Assembly (Lytic Cycle)
The newly synthesized particles are assembled into viruses.
Lysis and Release (Lytic Cycle)
During this final step, the host cell ruptures and releases particles which will go out and infect other cells.
Lysogenic Cycle
The replication process where a virus does not immediately kill the host cell.
What are the steps of the Lysogenic Cycle in order?
Attachment and Entry
Provirus Formation
Cell Division
Lytic Cycle
Attachment and Entry (Lysogenic Cycle)
Virus attaches to the host cell and injects DNA
Provirus Formation (Lysogenic Cycle)
Viral nucleic acid becomes part of host cells chromosomes.
Cell Division (Lysogenic Cycle)
Inactive provirus replicates along with host cell’s chromosomes and host undergoes normal cell division.
Lytic Cycle (Lysogenic Cycle)
Provirus cuts loose from host cell’s chromosomes and the lytic cycle begins.
Provirus
Viral DNA injected into the host cell’s chromosome.
How long can the lysogenic cycle last?
Many Years
Spikes
Cover some envelopes, are made of proteins and carbohydrates, and enable viruses to recognize and attach to the cells they infect
Envelope
Made of lipids and proteins and carbohydrates, protective outer layers, and tend to be found in viruses which infect animals.
Nucleic Acid
Either DNA or RNA, but not both
Capsid
Protein coat of a virus that surrounds the nucleic acid core.
What are the two main groups of bacteria?
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Describe Eubacteria
“True Bacteria” all of the organisms traditionally known as bacteria.
Describe Archaebacteria
Live in unusually harsh environments.
How do Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria?
They live where nothing else can. They have cell walls, cell membranes, and rRNA.
Where do archaebacteria live (specifically)?
Extremely salty places, hot and acidic places, and in undersea volcanic vents.
Methanogens
Produce methane
Thermoacidophiles
Live in hot, acidic water
Extreme halophiles
Live in extremely salty conditions
Hans Christian Gram
Developed the Gram-Stain technique
Gram Stain Process
Stained with purple dye (Crystal Violet) and iodine.
rinsed in alcohol.
stained with red dye (saffreran)
What determines what color dye will be taken up during the gram-stain?
The cell wall structure
Gram Positive Bacteria
Have thick cell walls made up of sugarprotein. (Purple)
Gram Positive Example
Antibiotics and Antnomies (yogurt)
Gram Negative Bacteria
Have an extra lipid layer and appear pink after gram stain
Why is it important to know if bacteria are gram positive or negative?
Determines the type of antibiotics that should be used.
What are cyanobacteria?
Gram negative eubacteria that preform plant-like photosynthesis and release oxygen as a byproduct.
What are cyanobacteria also called?
Blue-green algae
Are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
Bacteria are prokaryotes
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