Health Unit4 Aos1

three high income countries

australia, UK and japan

three upper middle income countries

china, mexico and south africa

three lower middle income ocutnries

india, indonesia, papua new guinea

three low income countries

uganda, somalia and zimbabwe

GNI

a measure that reflects the economic state of a country. the total income generated by a country in 12 months once expenses owing to other countries have been paid

economic characteristics

level of poverty,average income, range of industries, oppurtunity for global trade

social characteristics

gender equality, education, social security systems, developed health systems

environmental characteristics

safe water and sanitation, adequate housing, infrastructure, food security, levels of carbon dioxide emissions

safe water

water that is no contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead and mercury

sanitation

the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, but can refer to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal

absolute poverty

those living on less than US$1.90 a day

relative poverty

those living on less than 50% of a country’s average wage

human rights

relates to the freedoms and conditions to which every person is entitled

sustainability

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

economic sustainability

ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future.

economic sustainability includes..

innovation and diversity of industries, employment, economic growth, trade

social sustainability

defined as creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely.

social sustainbility includes..

elimination of poverty and the provision of social protection, gender equality, access to safe and decent working conditions, promotion of political and legal rights, peace and security

environmental sustainability

relates to ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future.

environmental sustainability includes…

use of natural resources, waste removal and pollution, climate change,

human development

creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests.

human development creates an environment where..

• people can lead long and healthy lives

• participate in decisions that affect their lives

• partcipate in the life of the community

• lead productive and creative lives according to their needs and interests

• have access to knowledge and expand their choices and capabilities

• have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living

human development index

a measurement system that attempts to reflects the level of human development being experiences in different countries and regions

HDI dimensions

a long and healthy life, knowledge, a decent standard of living

HDI indicators

life expectancy at birth

mean years of schooling + expected years of schooling

gross national income per capita

life expectancy at birth

an indication of how long a person can expect to live; it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at birth if death rates do not change

mean years of school

average number of years of education achieved by those aged 25 years and over

expected years of schooling

the number of years of education expected for a child of school entrance age

HDI classifies countries into:

very high, high, medium and low human development

advantages of HDI

1.The HDI takes more than just average incomes into account, so provides a more comprehensive representation of the level of human development experienced.

2.It provides an indication of opportunities for education, which reflects access to knowledge and the ability to enhance choices and capabilities.

3.Average income reflects the ability to access the resources required for a decent standard of living.

4.Life expectancy reflects the ability to lead a long and healthy life

5.The HDI is a composite statistic which makes comparisons easier, as it provides a single statistic relating to the three dimensions and four indicators

6.The HDI is effective for analysing progress that is made by countries over time. The four indicators may experience differing rates of progress, but monitoring the overall HDI is useful for analysing the overall progress achieved over time.

7.The HDI has captured the attention of media, policy makers, communities and individuals and, as a result, has raised awareness of the importance of human development. It helps people question and revise current policy choices.

limitations of HDI

1.The HDI only reflects selected aspects of human development and therefore does not capture the richness and depth of human development. Aspects not measured by the HDI include gender equality; freedom of speech; freedom of employment; levels of discrimination; empowerment; access to resources such as water, social security and public housing; social exclusion; and political participation.

2.The HDI, although moving beyond economic indicators, is based on averages and, therefore, does not provide an indication of the inequalities that exist within countries. Those from cultural minorities, females, those with disabilities and those in rural areas often experience lower levels of human development than the rest of the population.

3.No survey data are collected in the HDI, so people’s feelings about their lives and issues facing communities are not reflected, including social, emotional, mental and spiritual health and wellbeing, and feelings about physical safety.

4.Comparisons within countries is often difficult as data is often only collected at a national level and therefore reliability of data for measuring human development remains a challenge because of the different definitions and methods used in measuring key components of the HDI.

peace

the absence of conflict

mass migration

refers to the movement of large groups of people from one geographical area to another and includes:

refugees

people who have fled their country and crossed an international border to find safety in another country

asylum seekers

people who have fled their country but for whom their request for protection in another country that has yet to be processed

internally displaced persons

people who have been forced to leave their home but have not crossed a border to find safety

world trade

the exchange of goods and services between countries

global trends include

conflict, climate change, world trade, tourism and digital technologies

climate change results in

rising sea levels, changing weather patters, more extreme weather events

tourism key benefits

• promotes inclusive and sustainable economic growth

• contributes to social inclusiveness and employment

• promotes resource efficiency and environmental protection

• preserves cultural values, diversity, and heritage

• promotes mutual understanding, peace, and security

digital technologies benefits

• used for communication as well as health related information

• Access to digital technologies is greater than it has ever been (mobile phones exceeds world population)

• promote health and well-being by reducing stress levels and having greater access to healthcare information

• self-diagnosis which allows for greater communication between healthcare workers/patient

digital technologies challenges

• access to private information can be taken or given to the wrong people

• greater exposure to sensitive information can have an impact on emotional and mental wellbeing