Pre-CSS 2

What is the system software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware. It manages resources, runs applications, and allows users to interact with the system.

Operating System (OS)

Examples of OS:

1. Windows (Windows 10, Windows 11)

2. Linux (Ubuntu, Kali, Fedora)

3. MacOS (Apple Devices)

4. Android (Mobile)

5. iOS (Mobile)

Types of OS:

1. GUI (Graphical User Interface)

2. CLI (Command Line Interface)

3. Embedded OS

4. Mobile OS

Uses icons, buttons, and windows

Graphical User Interface (Windows 10, Ubuntu)

Uses text-based commands

Command Line Interface (MS-DOS, Linux Terminal)

Built into machines or appliances

Embedded OS (Smart TV OS, ATM OS)

For Phones/Tablets-

Mobile OS (Android, IOS)

Before installing an OS, check if the hardware meets the?

Minimum system requirements

System Requirement of Windows 10 (64-Bit):

• Processor: 1 GHz or faster

• RAM: 4 GB or higher

• Storage: At least 64 GB

• GPU: DirectX 9 or later

• UEFI/BIOS boot support

Basic Requirements for Installation of OS:

1. Bootable Installer (USB/DVD)

2. OS installer ISO (downloaded from trusted source)

3. Backup (if reinstalling)

4. BIOS/UEFI access (to change boot order)

Steps to Make a Bootable USB (Windows):

1. Use Rufus or BalenaEtcher

2. Choose your ISO file

3. Select USB drive

4. File system: NTFS or FAT32

5. Click Start

Windows Installation (Step-by-step Part 1):

• Insert bootable USB and restart the computer.

• Press BIOS key (like F2, DEL, F12, ESC) during startup.

• Set USB as 1st Boot Priority.

• Save and Exit → PC will reboot into setup.

• Choose language, time, and keyboard settings.

Windows Installation (Step-by-step Part 2):

• Click “Install Now”.

• Choose Custom: Install Windows only (advanced).

• Create/Delete partitions (if needed).

• Select where to install the OS.

• Wait for installation → restarts automatically.

• Configure account name, password, updates, etc.

• Once on desktop, start installing drivers and utilities.

What to do after installing an OS:

1. Install Drivers (GPU, chipset, LAN, audio)

2. Install Antivirus (Protect from threats)

3. Adjust display and resolution (Match your monitor settings)

4. Set user accounts (Passwords, permissions)

5. Install updates (Improve security and features)

Dual Booting Guide:

• Install two OSes on the same machine (e.g., Windows + Linux)

• Requires separate partitions

• GRUB bootloader will ask you to choose OS on startup

With this, you can test multiple operating systems without affecting your main OS. Ideal for practicing Linux, or installation simulations.

Virtual Machines (VirtualBox, VMware Workstation)

Possible fix for: “No bootable device”

Check USB and boot order

Possible fix for: Installer freezes

Corrupted ISO or low RAM

Possible fix for: Missing drivers

Download from official sites

Possible fix for: “Windows cannot be installed on this disk”

Check disk partition type (MBR vs GPT)