Chapter 21 APMWH Vocab

Franz Ferdinand

An Austrian archduke that ruled Austria-Hungary and visited Saravejo, where he was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip.

His assassination sparked war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, leading to the Great War

Gavrilo Princip

a young Bosnian Serb that assassinated Franz Ferdinand and his wife, igniting the war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, which escalated to the Great War

the Allies

the powers of the Triple Entente (France, Russia, and Britain) together with the nations allied with them

fought the Central Powers.

Self-Determination

Belief popular in World War I and after that every people should have the right to determine their own political destiny; the belief was often cited but ignored by the Great Powers.

Pan-Slavism

a movement that stressed the ethnic and cultural kinship of Slavs of east and east central Europe that sought to unify them politically

It supported Slav nationalism in Austro-Hungarian lands, and its purpose was to promote secession by Slavic areas, weakening Austrian rule, and possibly preparing territories for future Russian annexation

Russia supported the movement

Dreadnoughts

A class of British battleships whose heavy armaments made all other battleships obsolete overnight.

Balkan Wars

two successive military conflicts that fought for territory of the Ottoman Empire in Europe

They strained European diplomatic relations and helped shape the tense circumstances that led to the outbreak of the Great War

Central Powers

World War I term for the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman empire.

Triple Entente

Pre-World War I alliance of England, France, and Russia

It started with agreements between Britain and France and Britain and Russia that aimed to resolve colonial disputes.

Cooperation between the leaders of Britain, France, and Russia led to the signing of a military pact

Plan XVII

French military strategy that revolved around offensive maneuvers. The strategy viewed the enemy’s intentions as inconsequential, and paid no thought to the lots of casualties that would come from it

Schlieffen plan

The name of German war plans to deal with a war in which battles would have to be fought on two fronts. The plan was implemented at the start of World War I, when it was clear that Germany would go to war with Russia and France.

Bertrand Russel

a philosopher that observed that the average Englishman wanted war

Alain-Fournier

A French writer who noted that “the war is fine and just and great”

Black Hand

Pre-World War I secret Serbian society; one of its members, Gavrilo Princip, assassinated Austrian archduke Francis Ferdinand and provided the speak for the outbreak of the Great War

Gott mit uns

“God is with us”, an inscription on the belt buckle of German recruits

“God and Tsar”

What Russian troops fought for

“For God, King, and Country”

the reason British soldiers went to battle

Race to the Sea

When the German and French armies kept trying to outflank each other, which brought both off them to the North Sea

Western Front

a line of fighting that ran from Switzerland to the North Sea

Treaty of London

a treaty made by the Allies that said when victory in the war was secure, Austrian controlled territories (especially those in south Tyrol and the Dalmatian Coast) would be ceded to Italy

No-man’s-land

the territory between opposing trenches

Mustard gas

a type of poisonous gas that was yellow in appearance and that blistered skin, damaged eyes, and attacked the bronchial tubes (stripping the mucous membranes)

Death happened within 4-5 weeks of exposure. During that time, those people faced excruciating pain

Verdun

When the Germans tried to break the deadlock of war with an assault on the fortress of Verdun. The French cry was “they shall not pass”. The Germans didn’t pass, but both sides lost hundreds of thousands.

There were less than 160,000 identifiable bodies, the rest of them were unrecognizable from being blown up or sucked into the mud

Somme

a joint operation between British and French forces intended to achieve a decisive victory over the Germans on the Western Front

The British gained a few thousand yards, but both lost about half a million people. Neither gained much of a strategic advantage

Zeppelin

hydrogen-filled airships that dropped down bombs

Helmunth Karl von Moltke

the former chief of the Prussian General Staff who predicted that the future war wouldn’t end with one battle because the defeat of a nation wouldn’t be acknowledged until the whole strength of its people is broken

Home front

Term made popular in World War I and World War II for the civilian “front” that was symbolic of the greater demands of total war.

Wilfred owen

One of the best war poets. He was enlisted focr service on the Western Front at 22, got injured, and was sent home. He was declared fit for duuty again, and returned to the front. He was killed by a German machine gun when trying to cross the Sambre canal four days before the armistice that ended the war

A poem he wrote about his experiences at war was published two years after his death

Joseph Caillaix

The former French prime minister that spent 2 years in prison because he publicly suggested that it was in the best interest of France to reach a compromise of peace with Germany

Qingdao

A German-held port in China’s Shandong Province that Japanese forces took over with the aid of 2 British battalions.

Japan did this after Germany’s denied Japan’s ultimatum

Twenty-one Demands

claims made by the Japanese government to special privileges in China during World War I

Some included:

• that the Chinese confirm Japanese seizure of Shandong from Germany

• Grant Japan independent monopolies in central China

• Place Japanese overseers in key government positions

• Give Japan joint control of Chinese police forces

• Restrict arms purchases to Japanese manufacturers

• Make those purchases only with the approval of the Tokyo government

Jihad

religious war

What Germany convinced the Ottomans to declare against the Allies, which they hoped would undermine support for the Allies from Muslim colonial subjects ruled by Britain, France, and Russia

Winston Churchill

The first lord of Admiralty in the British navy that suggested an Allied strike against the Ottomans through the Ottoman-controlled Dardanelles strait

Gallipoli

When British high command decided to land a combined force of soldiers from Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand on the beaches of the Gallipoli peninsula. Turkish defenders ensconced from cliffs above, and pinned down the Allied troops on beaches. Trapped between seas and hills, Allied soldiers dug and engaged in trench warfare

Armenian Genocide

Campaign of extermination undertaken by the Ottomans against two million Armenians living in Ottoman territory during World War I.

Hussein bin Ali

the ruler of the nomadic bedouin of Arabia, who was the sharif of Mecca and the king of Hejaz

Sykes-Picot Treaty

Secret 1917 treaty between the British and French, with the agreement of Russia, to divide the modern Middle East between them after the end of World War I.

Balfour Declaration

British declaration from 1917 that supported the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Bolshevik

a member of the faction of the Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, founded by Vladimir Lenin, which was renamed the Communist Party after the 1917 revolution

February Revolution

the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917, in which the monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the Provisional Government.

Romanov dynasty

Russian dynasty (1610–1917) founded by Mikhail Romanov and ending with Nicholas II.

Soviets

revolutionary councils organized by socialists

Had control over factories and parts of the military

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

1870–1954 C.E. Russian revolutionary and politician who led the Bolshevik Revolution in November 1917 and became the first head of state of the Soviet Union until his death.

He was devoted to studying Marxist thought and writing political pamphlets

Hd viewed the industrial working class as incapable of developing into a proper revolutionary consciousness to lead to effective political action

He believed that the industrial proletariat needed the leadership of the well-organized and highly disciplined party, a workers’ vanguard that would serve as catalyst for revolution and realization of socialist society

He lead Bolsheviks, the radical wing of the Russian Social Democratic Party. Called for transfer of legal authority to Soviets. Advocated uncompromising opposition to war

October Revolution

When armed workers, soldiers, and sailors stormed the Winter Palace, home of the provisional government.

The almost bloodless insurrection worked, and power was passed to Lenin and the Bolshevik party.

John Reed

US journalist that witnessed the Bolshevik seizure of power and referred to events of the October Revolution as “ten days that shook the world”

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

a peace treaty between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I.

The treaty gave Germany possession and control over much of Russian territory (Baltic states, Caucasus, Finland, Poland, Ukraine) and 1/4 of its population

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink merchant ships such as freighters and tankers without warning.

Used by Germany and was the main reason for the US entering the war

Zimmerman Telegram

a telegram, written by German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann, that was a coded message sent to Mexico, proposing Mexico join the Central Powers to get control of territories in the US

influenza epidemic

The influenza epidemic that swept the world in 1918 killed an estimated 50 million people. One fifth of the world's population was attacked by this deadly virus.

This happened just after the war ended, and killed more than the war did

George Clemenceau

Prime Minister of France during WWI and for being one of the "Big Three" that shaped the peace treaties after the war. In the peace conference, he pushed to weaken Germany and get reparations for France.

Lloyd George

a British prime minister who dominated the British political scene in the latter part of World War I.

He was the representative for Britain in the making of peace treaties

Woodrow Wilson

1856–1924. President of the United States during World War I and author of the “Fourteen Points,” one of which envisioned the establishment of the League of Nations.

Paris Peace Conference

an international meeting at Versailles (near Paris) to establish the terms of the peace after World War I.

Resulted in a number of treaties

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson’s guidelines for the rebuilding of the postwar world

Included:

• opening agreements of peace

• absolute freedom of navigation of the seas during war and peace

• removal of all economic barriers and the establishment of equal trade conditions

• guarantees of the reduction in national armaments

• Giving equal weight to the interests of controlling governments and colonial populations

• the call for “general association of nations”

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was signed by Germany and the Allied Nations on June 28, 1919, formally ending World War One. The terms of the treaty required that Germany pay financial reparations, disarm, reduce the size of its army, lose territory, and give up all of its overseas colonies.

Treaty of Neuilly

Signed by the Allies and Bulgaria

Ceded small portions of Bulgarian territory because the Allies feared major territorial changes in the Balkans would destabilize the region

Treaty of St. Germain

between Allies and the Republic of Austria

to break up Austra-Hungary

Treaty of Trianon

Between the Allies and the kingdom of Hungary

to break up Austra-Hungary

Treaty of Sevres

Signed by the Allies and the Ottoman empire

It officially dissolved the empire, calling for the surrender of Ottoman Balkan and Arab provinces and the occupation of eastern and southern Anatolia by foreign powers

Mohammed VI

the sultan of the Ottoman empire when the Treaty of Sevres was signed, and accepted the treaty dissolving the empire

Mustafa Kemal

A wartime hero who was the head of the Turkish nationalist movement, and set out to defy the Allied terms in the Treaty of Sevres

He organized a national army that drove out Greek, British, French, and Italian occupation forces, abolished the sultanate, and replaced it with the Republic of Turkey, with Anarka as capital. 

Treaty of Lausanne

the final peace agreement that recognized the Republic of Turkey, with Mustafa Kemal as its president

Atatürk

 1881–1938 C.E. Meaning “Father of the Turks,” his real name was Mustafa Kemal. He was a Turkish army officer, reformer, and the first president of the modern Republic of Turkey after the Ottoman defeat in World War I

League of Nations

Forerunner of the United Nations, the dream of American president Woodrow Wilson, although its potential was severely limited by the refusal of the United States to join.

Yugoslavia

“Land of the South Slavs”

A nation that got self-determination because it politically united related people who had long been under foreign rule.

Beneath the unity, there were separate national identities, like Serbs, Croats, Slovenes

Mandate System

System that developed in the wake of World War I when the former colonies ended up mandates under European control, a thinly veiled attempt at continuing imperialism

Article 22 of League of Nations Covenant

Established the system of mandates to rule colonies and territories of defeated powers