Studied by 1 personChemical evolution
________ was first taken seriously in 1953 when a graduate student named Stanley Miller performed a breakthrough experiment.
Electrons
________ move around atomic nuclei in specific regions called orbitals.
Specific heat
________ is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 °C.
Endothermic
________ " (within heating) "because thermal energy is absorbed by the system during the process.
Electronegativity
________ is a property when atoms of different elements form a bond, they may pull shared electrons toward their nuclei with varying lengths.
Molecules
________ or ions that acquire protons during chemical reactions and lower the hydronium ion concentration of water are called bases.
amount of disorder
The ________ in a system (or the surrounding environment) is called entropy.
Electron shells
________ are numbered 1, 2, 3, and so on, to indicate their relative distance from the nucleus.
left
The initial, or reactant, molecules are shown on the ________ and the resulting, or product, molecules are shown on the right.
anions
Negatively charged ions are called ________.
Monomers
________ polymerize through condensation reactions, also known as dehydration reactions.
Solvent
________ is an agent for dissolving or getting substances into solution.
Buffers
________ are important in maintaining relatively constant conditions, or homeostasis, in organisms.
Molarity
________ is the number of moles of the solute present per liter of solution.
Attraction
________ between unlike molecules, in contrast, is called adhesion.
Substances
________ that do not interact with water are said to be hydrophobic.
Cohesion
________: Along the surface, water molecules hydrogen- bond to those next to them and below them, resulting in a net lateral and downward pull that resists the upward pull of adhesion.
polymerization
The process of linking monomers together is called ________.
Reactions
________ tend to be spontaneous if the products hαve lower potential energy thαn the reactants.
Orbitals
________ are grouped into levels called electron shells.
chemical reaction
When a(n) ________ occurs, one substance is combined with others or broken down into another substance.
neutrons
The sum of the protons and ________ in an atom is called its mass number.
nonpolar covalent
A bond that involves equally shared electrons is called a(n) ________ bond.
organic compounds
Many molecules that contain carbon bonded to other elements, such as hydrogen, are called ________.
Elements
________ are defined as substances that consist entirely of a single type of atom.
transformation of water
The ________ vapor to liquid water releases thermal energy to the environment and is exothermic.
Structural formulas
________ indicate which atoms in a molecule are bonded together.
overall pH
Compounds that minimize changes in pH are called buffers because they reduce the impact of adding acids or bases on the ________ of a solution.
Adhesion
________: At the perimeter of the surface, partial positive charges on water molecules adhere to the negative charges on glass, resulting in an upward pull.
nonpolar molecules
The interactions between ________ that result from being brought together in an aqueous solution are called hydrophobic interactions.
Atoms
________ with more than one unpaired electron in the valence shell can also form double bonds or triple bonds.
Surface tension
________ is the cohesive force caused by attraction between the molecules at the surface of a liquid.
number of unpaired electrons
The ________ found in an atoms valence shell is referred to as its valence.
thermal energy
When two objects with different temperatures come into contact, ________ is transferred between them.
Reactions
________ tend to be spontaneous when the product molecules are less ordered thαn the ________ molecules.
chemical reaction
A(n) ________ that involves a transfer of protons is called an acid- base reaction.
Attraction
________ between like molecules is called cohesion.
chemical reactions
Substances that give up protons during ________ and raise the hydronium ion concentration of water are called acids.
Adhesion
At the perimeter of the surface, partial positive charges on water molecules adhere to the negative charges on glass, resulting in an upward pull
Cohesion
Along the surface, water molecules hydrogen-bond to those next to them and below them, resulting in a net lateral and downward pull that resists the upward pull of adhesion
Open system
can exchange energy with environment, can exchange matter with environment
Closed system
can exchange energy with environment, cannot exchange matter with environment
Isolated system
cannot exchange energy with environment, cannot exchange matter with environment
Note
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