AP African American Studies Unit 2 Part 2 (2.7-2.16)

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

social mobility

the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society

Stono Rebellion (1739)

A enslaved uprising in 1739 in South Carolina that led to a severe tightening of the Slave Code in 1740 and the temporary imposition of a prohibitive tax on new imported enslaved persons

Dred Scott

A black enslaved man, had lived with his enslaver for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black & enslaved and not a citizen, so he had no rights.

Dred Scott v. Sandford Case [1857]

U.S. Supreme Court ruling that enslaved persons were not U.S. citizens and therefore could not sue for their freedom and that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the western territories.

Justice Roger B. Taney

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who ruled on the Dred Scott decision.

US Constitution Article 1

powers of legislative branch:
* enact laws
* collect taxes
* coin money
* raise and army
* declare war
Include the 3/5ths compromise to count enslaved people as 3/5ths of a person for the purposes of representation.

US Constitution Article 4

roles, rights and privileges of the States and their citizens. Includes the 1st "Fugitive Slave Clause"

Code Noir (1685)

a set of laws governing the conduct of the slaves during the French colonial period in US French Colonies [Louisiana]

codigo negro

Slave codes in Spanish US colonies

1740 Slave Code South Carolina

created as a response to the Stono Rebellion, a restrictive set of Slave Codes created in South Carolina to limit the rights and citizenship of African descended people, especially enslaved people. Became the basis for may US based Slave Codes.

Elizabeth Key Case

1657. Woman who sued for her freedom and that of her child based on the Free status of her father, who impregnanted her enslaved mother. She won the case, but shortly after the slave codes includes partus sequeter ventrem

The Liberator (1831)

anti-slavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison

Partus Sequitur Ventrem (1662)

("that which is brought forth follows the womb"). A legal doctrine which the English royal colonies incorporated in legislation to define slavery.
"All children borne in this country shall be held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother...."

Racial taxonomies

race-based classification systems that, in naming different races, actually serve to create them

Hereditary Enslavement

the idea that status of enslavement could be hereditary and passed down from mother to child, follows partus doctrine

Phenotype

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. Phenotype of African Americans [harsh eyes, large noses, large genital, etc.] was used as a part of racial classification

Hypodescent "one drop rule"

identified anyone with any amount of black ancestry as black in the eyes of the law and white society

religious syncretism

The attempt to reconcile or blend the beliefs and practices of various religions into one.

negro spirituals and slave songs

Rev War. Remained after church services at praise houses. Conveyed biblical messages. "Promise land". Also in West. Lasted in 1800s.

American Colonization Society (1817)

Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa. Part of Emmigrationist practices

aslyum

shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state

Emancipation

the fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions; liberation. Ending of enslavement

St. Augustine, Florida

1598
*French Protestants (Huguenots) went to the New World to freely practice their religion, and they formed a colony near modern-day St. Augustine, Florida
*The granted emancipation for any runaway enslaved persons who could make it to the colony
*The settlement at St. Augustine, Florida, is considered to be the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States

Fort Mose

first settlement in North America for free Africans. Considered to be a maroon community. In Spanish Florida.

Francisco Menendez and Mose

an escaped South Carolina slave who fought with the Yamasee Indians against the colony, fled to Florida, was reenslaved by the Spanish, became a milita captain, was freed again, and was put in charge of the free-black town of Mose near St. Augustine in the late 1730s, the first community of its kind in what is now the United States

Jemmy

Leader of Stono Rebellion

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

Slave revolt began in 1791. The only successful black slave rebellion against the slave holders and the French empire.

a. slaves burned down the sugar cane plantations
b. Landowners were slaughtered

Effects:
a.Haiti becomes an independent black republic and abolishes slavery.
b. Inspires further slave revolts.
c. Haiti is forced to pay reparations for the plantations and slaves to France. Debt totals 20 billion US dollars
d. Inspires Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Purchase to Thomas Jefferson
e. Haiti is the victim of a trade embargo which shatters it's economy by the US and major world powers

St. Dominigue (Haiti)

the name given to the now Haitian side of the Island of Hispaniola [Haiti + DR], aka the French colony

Haiti

Name that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language.

Plantation Slavery

Economic system in which enslaved labor was used to grow crops such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton on large estates.

Sugar Trade

In the West Indies trade made possible by the demand for sugar in Europe and the readily available source of enslaved people in Africa./Sugar plantations were a "modern" industry in that they required a large capital investment, technology, large labor source and a mass market of consumers. Prior to the Revolution, Haiti produced 40+% of the worlds sugar.

Louisiana Slave Revolt of 1811

Inspired by the Haitian Revolution, the "German Coast Uprising" was the largest enslaved insurrection in the US, totaling over 500 enslaved people. Considerable property damage to the sugar plantations and killing of 2 white people lead to mass panic, and the uprising was brutally suppressed. The embalmed severed heads of the enslaved were displayed along the Mississippi River in New Orleans as a warning to other enslaved people.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

He was Toussaint L'ouverture's general, and took up the fight for the freedom of slaves in Saint Domingue on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean sea. In 1804, he declared the slave colony an independent country, the first black country to free itself from European control, and named the country Haiti.

Maroons

Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. French emperor during Haitian Revolution, sold Louisiana to Thomas Jefferson.

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

-Republican
-Marbury vs Madison, 1803
-Louisiana Purchase, 1803
-Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-05
-12th Amendment, 1804
-Embargo Act, 1807
-Non-Intercourse Act. 1809

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River. This increased the land in which enslavement could expand and created a series of conflicts over the role of enslavement in this new territory

Charles Deslondes

In 1811, he led between 180 and 500 slaves in an attempt to seize New Orleans

Madison Washington

- Led a revolt aboard the Creole ship that was taking 135 African slaves from Virginia to New Orleans
- Sailed the ship to the British Colony of the Bahamas where slavery had been abolished
- Fishermen in the Bahamas surrounded and protected the ship: slaves got freedom

Creole Mutiny 1841

A slave ship that hosted a mutiny and freed the over 135 captive African abroad in Jamaica that was bound from Virginia to New Orleans. Enslavement had been ban in the British colonies, and so the captives went free

Freedmen

former enslaved people of African descent, also included African Americans who had been born free.

Women's Suffrage

the right of women to vote, eventually white women gain the right to vote in 1920 with the 19th Amendment. Prominent Black female activists worked in this movement, but it was rarely intersectional and reflected the racism of the time

Maria Stewart

The first black woman to lecture on women's rights and slavery in public in the early 1830s in Boston. Encountered vocal opposition and violence. Garrison published some of her lecture's in The Liberator.

Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1862-1931)

Born to slave parents in Mississippi; journalist the championed civil rights; fought for equality of women and African Americans; began anti-lynching campaign and got involved with women's suffrage movement; With Jane Addams she fought to end segregated schools; later one of founders of NAACP; became one of first African Americans to run for public office

Abolitionism

Militant and nonviolent effort to do away with slavery; began in the N in the 1700's; becoming a major issue in the 1830's, it dominated politics by the 1840's; Congress became a battle ground between the pro and anti slavery forces

mutual aid societies

nonprofit organizations designed to provide their members with financial and social benefits, often including medical aid, life insurance, funeral costs, and disaster relief

19th Amendment (1920)

Ratified on August 18, 1920 (drafted by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton), prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. The Constitution allows the states to determine the qualifications for voting, and until the 1910's most states disenfranchised women. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the U.S.

Maroon Communities

African refugees who had escaped slavery in the Americas and developed their own communities in Brazil and the Caribbean. Also seen in remote and hard to reach areas in the US, like the Great Dismal Swamp

Self-Emancipation

The act of freeing oneself from slavery. Many enslaved people self-emancipated and fled to free territory.

Autonomous spaces

a place independent from dominant institutions and ideologies, formed outside standard economic relations, and fostering self-directing freedom through self-reliance.

The Great Dismal Swamp

A large swamp in the coastal plain region of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina. Home to many long standing maroon communities

Palenques/Quilombos

Communities of runaway slaves (the first being the Spanish word for the term, the second being the Portuguese word). Existed since the early years of slavery in the Americas as an important form of resistance. Occasionally worked with indigenous communities; many sought to replicate the social hierarchical models of African kingdoms.

Bayano

led a maroon community in wars against the Spanish for several years in Panama in the 16th century

Queen Nanny of the Maroons

was an 18th-century leader of a formerly enslaved group of African maroons. She and her followers fought a guerrilla war over many years against British authorities in the Colony of Jamaica, earning their sovereignty.

Capoeira

a martial art and dance that developed in Brazil from Angolans who were taken there by the Portuguese from Africa

Congada

a celebration of the king of Kongo and Our Lady of the Rosary. Example of religious syncretism

manumission

the freeing of individual enslaved persons