CONSTRUCTION DOC test 2 (copy)

egress

a means or a place of going out, an exit

egress system (three parts)

Exit access (hall, stairs) exit (door to outside) and exit discharge (route from exit door to the public way — IE street) MUST BE CONTINUOUS

Exit Passageway

Enclosed exit connecting a required exit or exit access with a public way— like a hall on ground floor must have 1 or 2 hour rating

panic hardware

door latching assembly using an unlatching device that has an activating portion

travel distance

total distance an occupant in a building must travel from any point (usually the farthest) to reach an exit

Occupancy classification (10)

• assembly (theater, stadium, nightclub etc.)

• business (office, higher education, Clinics)

• educational (K-12 education)

• factory and industrial (low hazard factories)

• high hazard (flammable products)

• institutional (inpatient care, nursing homes)

• mercantile (retail, grocery stores, gas stations)

• residential (1&2 family dwelling, apartments)

• storage (warehouse)

• utility and miscellaneous (towers, tanks, greenhouse)

exit code

Two exits (at all time, except less than 30 people) must be places a distance not less than ½ the diagonal dim of building or area to be served

two exit stairs must be minimum 30 feet apart

what is the maximum travel distance to nearest exit

200 ft if un-sprinklered and 250 ft if sprinklered, may increase up to 100 ft in 1 hour fire rated exit corridor

Width of exits

in occupancies w/ sprinklers-in inches take occupancy load and multiply by 0.3” for stairs and 0.2” for other exits

total width divided among all exits

exits cannot pass through….

kitchens, storerooms, restrooms, or closets

corridors

• must be 1 hr rated

• dead end max length of 50 ft (w/ sprinklers)

• min width (occupancy load x .2”)

• absolute min 44” for 50 or more occupants

• 36” min for 49 or less

stairways

• 50 or more occupancy- 44” min width

• 49 or less- 36” width

• multiply occupancy by 0.3”

• 6’8” clear head room

high rise buildings

• over 75 ft (fire apparatus cant reach above)

• need automatic sprinkler, smoke detectors, alarms, communication systems, central control for fire dept, smoke control, and stand by power

Types of construction

• type 1 Fire resistive (protected steel & Concrete)

• type 2 Non-Combustible (unprotected steel)

• type 3 Ordinary (noncombustible walls, combustible floors & roofs)

• type 4 Heavy Timber (minimum thickness wood construction)

• type 5 Wood Frame Construction (any Material allowed by code)

Material and engineering

• Structural requirements (dead loads, live loads, wind, seismic)

• Interior finishes (smoke & fire development)

• exterior assemblies (roof, walls, glass)

• prescriptive design ( prescribed, requirements & referenced standards)

• performance design (performance objectives engineering analysis)

prescriptive design

relies on code minimum referenced standards the design team requires in drawing and specifications (energy requirements, fire testing, wind loading)

Performance design

Typically involves an outside engineer/ consultant that is part of the design team or that the contractor employs to design an assembly or system

existing and historic structure codes

• don’t require all provisions of new construction

• specific allowances for items such as fire separation, doors and stairways req.

• appeals are a tool to maintain existing elements

form based zoning

• compact, pedestrian friendly, mixed-use communities

• counteracts excessive consumption of land and erosion of character of the built environment

• pattern books are heavily used to align with initial development

long range plans

• preferred physical development of municipality

• address land use, community goals, housing, infrastructure, economic development environmentally sensitive areas, quality if life, etc

• iterative and many adjustments are made over time

• allows citizens to become involved in planning

environmental plans

• long range plan can strike a balance between environmental quality and stewardship

• communities can realize the cost benefits of planning, designing, and building w/ sustainable methods

• environmental plans should include a statements of goals policies and guidelines for critically sensitive

fire protection

• Sprinkler system (NFPA 13, NFPA 13R, MFPA 13D)

• standpipes

• portable fire extinguishers

• fire alarm and detection system

• smoke control systems

requirements for fire protection systems are based on

occupant load, number of stories above and below grade, and building height

life safety systems include

• fire- suppression systems (sprinklers, standpipes, etc.)

• fire alarm and voice evacuation systems

• emergency lighting systems

• exit sign systems

when are fire suppression and alarm system required

• when fire separations do not exist between more than one occupancy type (IE apartments over mercantile)

• req. in type IV and VI construction, especially in combination with large occupancies, large interior spaces, &/or tall buildings

wet pipe systems

fixed fire protection using piping filled with pressurized water, supplied from a dependable source

• closed, heat sensitive automatic sprinkler

how wet pipe works

• as water flows through an alarm system is activated to indicate the system is operating

• only sprinklers immediately over or adjacent to the fire operate, minimizing water damage

exit and egress lighting

exit lights at all exits and directional exit lights in pathways to exits

• illumination of means of egress (the exit access, the exit, and the exit discharge) should average one footcandle at floor level

fire alarm (where required)

• smoke detectors req. in bedrooms or residences, hotel rooms, dormitories, etc.

• fire alarm system in all educational occupancies

• fire alarm system in office buildings with 5000 sqft or more above or below the first floor

fire alarm system consists of

• a main fire alarm control panel

• an annunciator Panel at the main building entry for fire department use

• initiating devices: smoke detectors, heat detectors, duct-mounted smoke detectors, flame detectors, manual pull stations

• signaling devices: horns, strobes, speakers, phone connections to offsite monitoring

Construction administration or contract administration

• least understood phase of design by the public

• underestimated in terms of time required

3 hats of the CA architect

• as an independent contractor (for the owner)

• as an agent of the owner

• as quasi-judicial officer

as an independent contactor (for the owner)

• during design

• during CDs

• during construction

• having authority to act for the owner

• during construction, represent owner’s best interest

• keep owner informed

• reject non-conforming work

as quasi-judicial officer

• judge performance of the contract between owner & contractor

• make fair interpretations of the documents

• make decisions of claim by the parties against each other (IE late payment by owner, nonconforming work by contractor)

CA services

• ensure that construction conforms to CD’s

• support design intent

• lessen project risks

• identify & resolve cost. problems early

• supplement the client’s const. knowledge

importance of CA

• owners lack experience

• architects are liable for their designs, correct execution is critical for their own protection

• usually constitutes 25% of an architect’s fee

• our contract with the owner calls for us to preform periodic observation of construction

typical “day to day” services

• one day per week on site

• responding to questions from contractor and material suppliers

• review show drawings & submittals

• review & certify monthly certificates for payment

typical CA team

• construction administration

• project architect

• project assistant

• administrative assistant

• cost estimators & spec writers

• consultants

required record keeping

• log of distribution of plans (& deposits) during bidding

• document and distribute bidding results

• record contractors application for payment

• record submittals from contractor

• records relative to change in the work

contracts

• records the promise made by the parties

• delineates the service and compensation

• allocates risk

• helps in coping with change

• provides methods for resolving disputes

lawsuits against architects

• 55% by owners

• bc owners are dissatisfied, unclear expectations, or architects have unclear expectations of their clients

• contracts make explicit what otherwise remains unsaid

architects usually prepare the contracts

between owners and contractors

proposals

• preliminary

• marketing

• generalities regarding services, fees and schedules

• can require an owner’s signature acknowledging acceptance

oral agreements are

valid, just difficult to prove

AIA documents

• over 100 years old

• most widely accepted contracts

• AIA Pro Practice CD

construction contract structure

• owner- contract agreement

• general conditions

• supplementary conditions

• special or other conditions

• drawings

• specifications

• addenda

• modifications

owner- contractor agreement

• signed portion

• identifies parties, project name, location

• contract sum

• describes work

• time of commencement & completion

• process for contractors payment

types of contractor compensation (3)

• stipulated sum (fixed price bid)

• cost plus fee

• unit-price

liens (mechanical Lien)

• used in cases were individuals who provide work (which can not be repossessed) and are not paid can use the work as collateral

• must be filed 30-90 days

bid bonds

guarantees that contractors will enter into a contract with the owner id bid accepted and that the contractor will provide a performance and labor& material bond

preformance bonds

covers 100% of construction cost (bond can cost 1 to 1.5 %)

labor & material bond

protects owners against claim of subs

types of insurance

• AIA G610 gives guidelines for selecting types and coverage of insurance

• contractors insurance

• owners insurance

site observation

• periodic observation of construction by the architect is required

• must notify the owners of construction progress and/or changes

• observation of construction is required in order to check contractors pay application

how often site visits

• at least once a month but usually every week

• may occur on specified day and time each week or impromptu

things to bring to site visit

• notepad

• camera

• pay application

• CDs

• tape recorder

• boots/ hardhat

what to do on the site

• 1st meet with superintendent to review

• take notes for field report

• take photo of job conditions

• notify owner of any urgent questions/observations

• observe on-site testing if possible

field reports

• note date, time, weather, persons on site at time of report

• short bullet points for observations and actions

• record observations

• show be dictated or typed

• emailed and mailed to all parties

on-site/off-site testing

• usually required by public owners but a good idea for any job

• specs notify parties which items are to be tested

• paid for by owner, separately, could be included in the contract

types of testing

• soil tests

  • boring, bearing capacity, percolation

• concrete tests

  • slump test, cylinder, core test

• welding tests

• bolt torque tests

what items are included in construction documents

specifications, drawings, contracts, addenda, modifications, and architect fee proposal

true or false: an architects’ standard of reasonable care determined by a judge, is to do the best we can

false

who dictates the standard and conventions drawing preparation

office standards, user/client standards, CSI

define life cycle cost analysis and give an example

when you have to inform the owner that their may be extra cost depending on if something will last EX: wall paint lasts longer than vinyl wall coverings

when should cost estimating and/ or budget evaluation be provided by the architect to the owner per the AIA documents

initial client meeting and at the end of each phase of design

True or false: it is not customary that architects revise the construction documents if the lowest construction bid exceeds the budget

false

define a construction cost contingency and give an example

A construction cost contingency is a budget buffer included in project cost estimates to cover unforeseen expenses or changes during construction. EX: extra money set aside that can be used if inflation raises prices

five main design phase as defined by AIAs

1. schematic design 2. design development 3. construction documents 4. bidding and negotiations 5. construction development

true or false: Bidders may be required to be pre-qualified on public construction projects

false

true or false: typical bid periods for public projects are 30 days

true

what is the procedure for commercial plan review in Lafyette

architects sends to Lafyette plan review and State fire marshal

true or false: addendums may be issued no less than 72 hours prior to the bid date

true

what are two advantages and two disadvantaged a design build project delivery method?

advantages- faster construction completion and single point of responsibility

disadvantage- less owner control over design and not anyone to offer oversight

in a negotiated contract, the builder may be asked to provide a cost-plus with guaranteed max. what is this?

it means that there is a max amount of money spent when constructing a building. they cannot exceeds this amount, if they spend under the amount they may receive an incentive

True or false: if a publicly funded project is re-bid, some conditions of the contract must be revised prior to re-bidding

true

what is an advantage of a design bid build project delivery system

architect can offer oversight

true or false: drawings usually do not refer to the level of quality of product, materials etc

true

who are construction documents for?

builders, owners, code officials

true or false: an additive alternate to a bid is an option for the contractors to make product submissions

false

if specifications lists a specific manufacture and model number then they are

property specs

true or false: cash allowances in specs are an incentive for contractors to save money for the owner

false

BIM is sometimes referred to as being 5 or 7 dimensional besides X,Y,and Z what are other dimensions

time & sustainability, cost & operation, performance

Define addendum and give an example

any corrections or additions made to CDs during the bidding process

list three of the items not usually included in a cost estimate which the architect must remind the owner of

• furniture costs

• architects fees

• inflation