chem final review

dalton

atomic theory that the atom is an indivisible sphere

rutherford

bombarded gold foil with alpha particles. atoms are mostly empty space and have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus

bohr

atomic theory that electrons stay in circular orbits/shells

wave-mechanical

atomic theory that electrons are in orbitals

spectroscope

an instrument to see the bright line spectrum of an element to identify it. when an electron goes from a high to low level, it emits energy in the form of light

transmutation

a change in the nucleus of an atom changes it to a new type of atom

diagnosis and treatment of thyroid issues

131I

cancer treatment

60Co

estimate age of organic remains

14C

estimate age of geological formations

238U

properties of ionic substance

high melting and boiling points, form crystals, dissolve in water, conduct electricity in solution and as liquid

properties of covalent substance

lower melting and boiling points, do not conduct electricity

metallic bonding

bonding where valence electrons are mobile in a free moving sea of electrons

chromatography

separation based on attraction of mixture components for transporting medium

filtration

allows smaller particles to pass through and trap larger particles

separatory funnel

separate immiscible liquids (not soluble with each other) on density differences

distillation

separate solids dissolved in liquids or separate liquid mixtures based on boiling point difference

kinetic molecular theory

particles are:

• in random motion

• no forces of attraction between them

• have a negligible volume compared to distances between them

• have collisions that result in the transfer of energy fro one particle to another, but there is no net loss of energy from the collision

alkali metals

group 1 elements

alkali earth metals/alkaline

group 2 elements

halogens

group 17 metals

potential energy of reactants

A

potential energy of products

D

potential energy of activated complex

C

activation energy of forward reaction

B

activation energy of reverse reaction

F

heat of reaction

E

activation energy with catalyst for forward reaction

G

endothermic

exothermic

addition

add atoms to unsaturated hydrocarbon

substitution

products are rearranged reactants

polymerization

monomers joined together

esterification

reactants: organic acid and alcohol. products: ester and water

fermentation

products: CO2 and alcohol

saponification

reactants: bases and ethers. products: soap

combustion

fire. products: water and CO2