WHAP Vocab Unit 5 Part 2(Only Definitions)

 Boxer Rebellion

led by a group of the same name, who unsuccessfully tried to rid China of foreign influence but failed due to foreign forces moving quickly to put it down

Communism

Inspired by Karl Marx's "Communist Manifesto", this is a totalitarian system of government in which a single authoritarian party controls state-owned means of production and controls all sociopolitical facets of the country on behalf of the previously exploited lower classes

Cult of Domesticity

the rise in America of an ideal of feminine behavior and womanliness in the period of 1820 to 1860; woman was portrayed as the chief homemaker and caregiver due to what was considered her "unique" moral and temperamental qualities

Karl Marx

socio-economic theorist that wrote the "Communist Manifesto" with Friedrich Engels; his ideas included and analyzation of class relations and social conflict to drive economic and governmental policy; belief that industrial capitalism is an inherently unstable system, doomed to fail through revolutionary upheaval by the proletariat, creating a classless society

Labor Unions

an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests; these became more widespread in the late 19th century, as a result of the spread of socialist ideas and a resistance against abuses in the factory system and urban issues

Limited-Liability Corporation

a type of business with low risk for the owners, with the advantage of not paying corporate income tax; the owners of the company are not personally responsible for any of the debt or other issues within a company

Maori Nationalism

a series of protests of the against British colonial rulers; the people used petitions, court cases, deputations to the British monarch and New Zealand governments, passive resistance and boycotts to achieve independence as a separate political system

Meiji Restoration

rebellion overthrew the shogun and established a government led by the emperor, who initiated a series of social, economic and political reform to modernize the nation by selectively borrowing Western ideas, including rapid industrialization and modernization of the military, to avoid the same fate as China

Muhammad Ali

ended traditional Egyptian society and Mamluk's rule after French occupation; made cotton the chief crop of Egypt but efforts to industrialize failed

 Self-Strengthening Movement

a series of reforms enacted by the Qing dynasty as a result of a series of unequal treaties and internal revolts; the reforms focused on the introduction of selective Western technology in the hopes of modernizing the nation

Socialism

the belief that people should work toward the creation of a perfect society in which everyone was equal; encouraged workers to take control and create a classless society; pioneered by Karl Marx in his "Communist Manifesto"

 Stock Market

a general term used to describe all transactions involving the buying and selling of stock shares issued by a company; developed as a new financial instrument in the 19th century as a result of the new global nature of trade

Taiping Rebellion

a rebellion by Chinese peasants challenged and threatened the imperial rule of the Qing dynasty; the leaders of the revolt were heavily influenced by Christian teachings and offered ideas such as the redistribution of land, public education and rights for women

Tanzimat

was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire through various attempts to modernize the empire, and secure its territorial integrity against internal nationalist movements and external aggressive powers.

Transnational Business

a business that operates in several different countries but has their primary office and headquarters in one country; the growth of the global nature of trade and production led to the increase in these businesses in the 19th century, as the influence of mercantilism and joint-stock companies decreased

Adam Smith

a Scottish economist, Enlightenment philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher who authored "The Wealth of Nations"

Bourgeoisie

the largely middle class who defended the French Revolution against the aristocracy; in Marxist ideology, a class or group of people committed to owning private-property

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state

First Industrial Revolution

technological innovations in the 1700s led to the industrialization and mass production of goods using machine power; was a gradual process that spread throughout western Europe to Russia, the U.S. and Japan

Second Industrial Revolution

emerged with the invention of electricity and the production of steel, chemicals and precision machinery in the later 19th century