H & P of Science Exam 2 Review

Isaac Newton

1600-1700s- laws of motion, universal gravitation

John Dalton

1700s-1800s- atomic theory

Charles Darwin

1800s evolution

Mary Shelley

1800s- Frankenstein

Albert Einstein

1900s - theory of relativity, time and space aren’t absolute

Quantum Theory

1900s- atoms moving as particles/waves

Thomas Kuhn

1900s - paradigms, scientific revolutions

Luigi Galvani

1700s- electricity/frog

Nicolas Steno

1600s - geological evolution

Theory of Relativity

1900s- time and space are relative (Einstein)

Lord Kelvin

1900s- absolute 0, temperature

Werner Heisenberg

1900s- Quantum Theory

Scientific Revolution

1600s- Newton, Universal Gravitation, Heliocentrism, Math

Logical Positivism

1900s- Criterion of Verifiability

Newton’s Laws of Motion (2)

1. Object in Motion stays in motion while an object at rest remains at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

2. Universal gravitation: everything that has mass has gravity, the larger and closer the object, the more gravity it has

4 steps of Biological Evolution

1. Inheritance

2. Variation of Offspring

3. Struggle for Existence

4. Natural Selection

Inheritance

inherit traits from parents

Variation of Offspring

a parent’s offspring has different traits

Struggle for Existence

stronger traits are better for survival

natural selection

stronger traits will survive and weaker traits will die off

Victor Frankenstein

Who was the scientist that artificially creates life?

goes against the belief of the soul since the monster doesn’t have a soul & humanity has the ability to create life which should be God’s role alone

How does Frankenstein go against the Aristotelian Worldview?

soul should be the cause of motion and life, but the experiment shows that electrical currents are the cause of motion

How does the electricity & frog experiment go against the Aristotelian worldview?

time and space are relative and can change depending on an object's motion (twins would be different ages if one were to travel on a different planet)

What is Einstein’s Theory of Relativity?

atoms appear to move as both particles and waves at the same time, the difference is how you observe it; wave like behavior is present when light passes through slits in an experiment; particle like behavior is present when particles interact with detectors/other particles

What is the Quantum Theory?

logical positivism

in order for something to be true, it has to be verified with our senses

criterion of verifiability

if something isn’t verified with our senses then it is meaningless

paradigm

rules as to how science is conducted, every way of doing science

4 steps in Paradigm

1. Normal Science

2. Anomalies

3. Crisis

4. Revolution Science

Normal Science

is conducted under the rules of the paradigm

Anomalies

observation that violates the rule of the paradigm

crisis

a bunch of anomalies (don’t know what rules science follows anymore)

revolution science

a new paradigm is formed & and science is conducted under the new rules of the paradigm

20th

What century is the 1900s?