Chapter 5

define the “age 5-7 shift”

children experience cognitive and social changes that result in a newfound sense of maturity and rationality

true or false: before the age of 8, children have low levels of self-esteem

false: it is uniformly high

when does self-esteem start to go down?

second or third grade

true or false: the age 5-7 shift happens exclusively between 5 and 7

false: it can start earlier and it can continue on

what causes the 5 to 7 shift? (4)

• biological changes

• maturational changes

• social conventions

• schooling

why does the the 5 to 7 shift happens at that age?

because our parents and teachers expect us to develop goals, plans and structures + society expects us to incorporate values

how can you become an agent?

you need to take ownership of your experience and organize your behaviour for your future goals

true or false: actors have secrets that no observer can see

what does the actor want to accomplish according to Freud?

to accomplish the role they are trying to play

true or false: we believe that a have no agency

false: we believe we are some degree of agency

when do we feel like our agency is slipping away?

when we feel like our lives are controlled by powerful external sources

define “self-efficacy”

person’s belief that they can execute goal-direct behaviour in a successful manner, especially under challenging or stressful situations

true or false: you need to know someone as a motivated agent to predict what they will do as a social actor

false: if their reputation is to be rainbows, then their will probably act that way

according to Freud, what were the forces that controlled our behaviour? (2)

• external world: societal norms, laws, physical constraints

• unconsciousness: id, superego, ego

true or false: trait perspective have a direct link to human agency

false: if you are an extrovert, you will be no matter what your goals are OR you’re not high in neuroticism because you want to

explain “intentionality”

• at 9 month old, a child can understand your intention

• ex: the child might be more angry if you refuse to give them their toy than if you can’t give it

explain joint attention

• at 9 month old, the child can coordinate their intentions with those of another agent

• ex: following your finger to look at where you’re pointing or pointing themselves at an object

true or false: we become agents the second we are born

false: it’s a processes that is gradual over years

when do kids develop attribution intentionality and what does it mean?

• 2 year old

• they attribute intention according to the behaviour they see

at what age do kids develop theory of mind

3 or 4 year old

• define “theory of mind”

assuming to people do things out of

• desire: because they want to

• belief: because it’s what they believe to be true

explain the false-belief task used to test the theory of mind on kids

• story: Sally goes outside, but puts her toy in the cupboard before leaving. when she’s outside, Andrew moves the toy in the drawers. once she’s back inside, she searches for the toy

• where will Sally search first?

• a 3 years old will say in the drawers

• they aren’t taking Sally’s mind in consideration

• they know that Andrew move the toy, but they don’t remember that Sally doesn’t

how could kids develop theory of mind more quick? (4)

• have high effortful control and executive function

• have parents who engage them in conversation with reference to mental and emotional states

• have siblings and having tried to figure out their mind

• read a lot of storybooks and tried to learn about the characters’ minds

at what age do we truly understand that humans are intentional, purposeful and goal-directed agents?

5-6 years old

define “virtuosity”

habit of acting in the right way according to reason, balancing between excess and deficiency

how can you express virtue according to Aristotle?

by contributing to the common good

how can you express a virtuous character?

by engaging in rational and deliberative choice and then act upon that choice

• ex: courageous temperament ≠ courage

  • courageous temperament will make you, the social actor, behave boldly with confidence

  • courage will appear when you, the motivated agent, rationally think about all the actions and then make a choice

at what age does kids know that mindful agents must proceed in a deliberative and rational manner to achieve their goals?

5 years old

at what age do kids develop the superego?

5 years old

according to Piaget, when kids start to use concrete operations in their daily thinking?

at 7 year old

what does Piaget mean when he said that we can think with concrete operations?

that we can understand the deep logic of the material world: nature follows law, things remain the same underneath the surface

what happens once kids understand that there are laws and logic that govern the material world?

they will understand that society works the same way: before, they didn’t understand why we had rules and conventions

according to Kohlberf, what’s are the differences between preconventional and congenital stages of moral reasoning?

preconventional:

• younger kids (sometimes adults)

• determine what’s good or bad based on the consequences of the action on themselves

• (moral reasoning is self-centred)

conventional:

• older kids

• consider standards and conventions to determine what a moral person should do

• understands why there are rules

inderstands

explain Kohlberg’s preconventional stage of moral reasoning

• younger kids

• determine what’s good or bad based on the consequence of the actions on themselves

• (moral reasoning is self-centered)

explain Kohlberg’s conventional stage of moral reasoning

• older kids

• considerate interpersonal and societal standards to determine what a moral person would do

• understands why there are rules (or else it would be chaos)

what causes different perspective according 5 year old kids and 7-8 year old kids?

• 5: because we get different informations

• 7-8: we get the same information, but can still see the world differently

what are some core futures of schooling that can be observed around the world? (2)

• leaving home: social world expansion (teachers, friends)

• how to do well academically (learning, solve problems) and how to be good

true or false: once they developed operational skills, kids can start comparing themselves to others on many dimensions and qualities

true

define Erikson’s “industry”

working hard to master academic and interpersonal tasks

define Erikson’s “inferiority”

falling behind, finishing low in the standings

according to Erikson, what does school allow kids to do?

to use tools and assume the roles that society deems as central in order to become a productive member

what happens when kids become more self-conscious and playful

they become motivated agents (second layer of personality)

true or false: for motivated agent, personality is more about traits than goals and values

false: it’s the opposite