Horticulture Exam 2 (NCSU, Brian Jackson)

What Are Desired Plant features (what it is used for and with)

-Flowers

-Foliage

-Fruit

-Bark

-Architecture

What Factors of Aesthetic are there

-Size

-Form

-Habit

-Growth rate

-Longevity

Maintenance needs of a plant

-Pruning

-Watering/Fertilizing

-Pests/Disease Care

-Leaf/Fruit/Bark drop

Examples of plants that require heavy maintenance

-Sweet gum

-Crab Apples

-Palm trees

What is an Invasive Plant

A plant species that has or is likely to develop self-sustaining populations, and become dominant or disruptive and interfere with ecosystem function and biodiversity

Example of an invasive plant

Kudzu

What is a weedy plant

A plant, native or non-native, that typically can propagate readily (sexually or asexually), has vigorous growth, and can thrive in most any growing condition (soil, sun/shade etc.)

T/F: Weedy plants DO NOT necessarily disrupt ecological systems

True

What are the 3 non-reproductive plant parts

-Roots

-Stems

-Leaves

What are the 3 reproductive plant parts

-Flowers

-Fruits

-Seeds

Roots: 3 Functions

-Absorption

-Anchorage

-Accommodation (storage)

T/F: The roots of a tree extend far from the trunk and are found mostly in the upper 6-12 inches of soil

True

T/F: Roots grow deep in the soil and grow downward (ask about this later)

False

The 2 Root Types

-Primary

-Secondary

Primary Root

First root to emerge from the germinating seed

Secondary Root

Any root that grows from a primary and/or another secondary root

2 Types of Root systems

taproot and fibrous

Fibrous Root System

-Occupies large volume of shallow soil

-Thin, many branches of roots

-Controls erosion

-Relies on rain for water

-Captures minerals before they leach (drain away)

Taproot System

A large swollen primary root with lots of storage potential

T/F: All Taproots are Primary roots

True

T/F: All primary roots are taproots

false

Example of a taproot

Carrot

Root Hairs

-Extension of outer root cells

-Increase absorptive area 500x

-Produced near (just behind) the root tip

-Each is an exact copy of the parent root

Tuberous Root

A large swollen secondary root

-I.e. Sweet Potatoes

Adventitious Roots

Roots that form on parts of the plant that do not normally form roots such as the leaves and stem

- I.e. Corn

Contractile Roots

Roots that pulls bulbs deeper in the ground

Aerial Roots

Roots that grow outside of the soil or in the open air

Two types of plants that have 100% aerial roots

Epiphytes and Parasitic Plants

Epiphytes

Plants with aerial roots that live on other plants

Examples of Epiphytes

Orchids, Bromeliads, and Spanish Moss

Parasitic Plants

Plants with aerial roots that live off of other plants

Example of a Parasitic Plant

mistletoe

T/F: Roses have thorns

False, they have prickles (outgrowths of the epidermis)

Functions of the Stem

-Storage

-Transportation of nutrients and water

-Support

-Bear flowers and fruit

-Food for animals and humans

3 parts of a stem

-Nodes

-Internodes

-Buds

Nodes

Place on a stem where buds/leaves are formed

Internodes

Space on the stem between the nodes

Buds

Undeveloped shoots or flowers

Why does the size of buds (especially floral buds) matter

It dictates the amount of resources the plant puts into it

3 types of bud/leaf arrangement

-Alternate

-Opposite

-Whorled

Alternate bud/leaf arrangement

One bud/leaf per node

Opposite bud/leaf arrangement

2 buds/leaves per node

Whorled bud/leaf arrangement

3 or more buds/leaves per node

Nerium Oleander (important plant to know)

-Whorled leaves

-Very Poisonous

-NEVER use it as firewood

Prostate stems

stems that run along the ground

Stolon

Stem that runs above/on the ground and produces a plantlet at the tip

Examples of stolons

-Strawberry

-Spider Plants

Rhizome

Prostate stem that runs below ground and produces a plantlet at the tip

Examples of rhizomes

-Bamboo

-Bermuda Grass

Irish Potato vs Sweet Potato

Irish Potato - modified stem called a TUBER

Sweet Potato - modified root called a TUBEROUS ROOT

T/F: Stems have nodes while roots do not

True

T/F: Irish potatoes have nodes while Sweet potatoes do not

True

Functions of Leaves

-Food Production

-Storage

Uses for Humans:

-Ornament

-Cuisine

-Medicine

Parts of a leaf (Not all plants have all 3 parts)

-petiole

-blade

-stipule

Petiole

the stalk of a leaf

Blade

the broad expanded part of a leaf

Stipule

a small leaflike appendage at the base of the leaf

Know that you can tell leaf arrangement through the arrangement of the buds on a plant

A Simple leaf

A simple uninterrupted leaf blade

A Compound Leaf

An interrupted/divided leaf blade

Leaflets

Segments of a leaf

Example of plants with alternating leaves

Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans)

Cladophylls

Modified stems that resemble and function as a leaf

Examples of plants with Cladophylls

-Poet's laurel (Danae racemosa)

-Christmas/thanksgiving cactus (have modified leaves that look like hairs)

Spines

a sharp-pointed structure representing a modified leaf (think of a cactus)

Epidermis functions

-regulates the loss of gases and water

-protects the internal constituents (parts)

Guard cells

Regulates water loss and carbon dioxide

Cuticle cells

-Has a waxy coating

-Seals cracks between epidermal cells

-Regulate gas loss and water loss

Is the majority of stoma a on a leaf on the top or bottom?

bottom

Trichromes

Hairs on plants that protect from temperature and predation, and maintain hydration

Example of a plant with trichromes

Marijuana (it's the motherflippin d-o-double g)

Palisade Layer

-Located under the epidermis

-Contains tightly packed chloroplasts

-The site of photosynthesis

Spongy Mesophyll

-Between the palisade and lower epidermis

-Loosely packed cells with air space between

-The space between contains water vapor, CO2, and Oxygen

Petal (corolla)

Pigmented structures to attract pollinators

Sepals (calyx)

Protective covering during the bud stage (before the flower opens)

Pistil (ovaries)

Female reproductive organ

- Stigma, style, and ovary

Stamen (filament, anther)

male reproductive organ (pollen)

- Anther: head of the stamen that contains pollen

- Filament: stalk of the stamen

Bisexual/perfect flowers

Flowers with pistils and stamens

Pistillate

Flowers with pistils (female parts) only

Staminate

flowers that only have a stamen (male parts) parts

An example of a plant that is bisexual but has the parts in different locations

Corn

bract

A leaf-like structure at the base of a flower

- Sometimes pigmented

Examples of plants with a bract

Dogwood and Poinsettia

Complete flower

A flower containing sepals, petals, stamens, and at least one pistil. (has all 4 parts)

Incomplete

Flowers missing one or more part

Emasculation

The removal of anthers

- The way a plant breeder determine who the father is going to be

- Father plant is the plant that is the source of pollen

Single/Solitary

one flower borne per stem

Inflorescence

Many flowers grouped together on 1 stem

Pollination

When pollen lands on the stigma and is accepted by the plant (the act)

Fertilization

When male genetic info fuses with an egg in the ovary of a plant (the result)

T/F: stamen size and shape does matter

True

What is neat about Pine Pollen

It has over 200 bioactive natural nutrients, minerals, and vitamins

Aids in Pollination

wind, insects, birds, mammals, water, people

Examples of pollinators

Birds, bats, and wind

What do flowers change to signify that they have already had sex

Color

Eye spots

Spots on a flower that aesthetically pop out to guide pollinators towards the flower

Hairy Flowers

Flowers that use strategically placed clumps of hair to attract pollinators

The three great bribes for pollinators

Nectar, pollen, and sex

Nectaries (spurs)

Parts on a flower that contain nectar

- Helps indicate to pollinators that they have nectar

What is an example of a plant that smells really bad and also generates heat

Amorphophallus titanum (corpse flower)