Evolution by Natural selection part 2

Which allelels and traits in a populations will always increase in frequency in future generations of the populations?

Those that increase the ability to reproduce

What is required for a populations to evolve by natureal selection over generations

• Individuals must show genetic variation

• Some individuals must reproduce better than other due to genetic variation

• Beneficial genetic difference must be transmitted to offspring

A population of aphids (insects) cannot evolve over generation by natural selection if all the individuals in the population

• Genetically-identical (clones)

Many of our ancestors cultivated starch producing crops. Our ancestors that digested starch more efficiently consequently had more children because they possessed

• Two or more copies of the Amylase gene

Our ancestors cultivated vegetable crops that contained plant toxins (Phytotoxins). Which alleles enabled our ancestors to consume these vegetables safely?

Alleles that code for plant toxin inactivation

A human populations in Tibet has adaptation to higher altitudes that its related population living at lower elevations does not. what is an example of these adaptations to lower O2?

• Fewer red blood cells

• Increased Breathing rate

• Increased Lung volume

• Increased blood flow to the body’s tissues

Many humans populations live in areas with endemic malaria. Which genotype is the advantageous in these areas?

• Heterozygous (A/a)

For human populations that live in areas without malaria, which genotype is most advantageous?

Homzygous Dominant (A/A

In some environment, Heterozygotes with one copy of the mutated allele that causes cystic fubrosis reproduce better than Homozygotes. This could result from Heterozygotes being more resistant to

Cholera, Tuberculosis or Typoid fever

An allele that causes medical problems can increase in frequency in future generations of the human population if it also -

Increase Reproduction

Some allele(s) that affect behavior reduced the rik of infection in our ancestors becuase they avoided-

• Individuals sneezing or coughing

• People vomiting

• Human feces and urine

How could alleles relating to Dyslexia have improved reproduction in our ancestors?

• Increased creativity

• Increased innovation

• Increased problem-solving ability

We could favor the evolution of less virulent (less harmful) individuals in a pathogen population by

• Increasing transmission of less virulent pathogens

Over generations, inter-sexual selections can increase the frequency of which traits in males

Flamboyant Male Traits (Brightly colored feathers, brightly colored skin, impressive feather displays)

In a seal population, the males are much larger than the females. Over generations, which process favored larger body size in males?

Intra-sexual selection (male to male combat)

Some alleles in human population that cause medical problems increased in frequency because they also increased

Reproduction in Past environments

—- changes the frequency of traits in a population that affect reproductions under current environmental conditions.

Natural selection

Which Factors In The Environment Can Affect Reproduction (Natural selection)?

Abiotic (Nonliving) factors and Biotic (Living) factors

Abiotic (Nonliving) Factors That affect reproducation are

• Chemicals in air, soil, and water

• Cloud cover

• Earth’s magnetic field

• Fire and smoke

• Garvity

• Hurricanes

• Moisture

Biotic (Living) factors that affect reproduction are:

• Competition fr resources

• Food availability and type

• Infectious Disease

• Mutualism

• Parasitism

• Parasitoidism

• Predation

Definition of Natural selection

• The impact of all environmental factors on the frequency of alleles and the traits the allele regulates, in a population over generations.

• The environment selects the individuals with the traits that are best adapted to reproduce under present conditions.

Which Alleles Always Increase In A Population In Future Generations Due To Natural selection?

Alleles that codes for antibiotic resistance bacteria reproduction when antibiotics are present.

Which Alleles Always Decrease bacterial reproduction In Future Generations?

Alleles that code for antibiotic sensitivity reduces bacterial reproduction when antibiotics are present.

Which alleles Increase bacteria Frequency In Future Generations Of A Population?

alleles that code for antibiotic resistance

Which allele decrease bacterial frequency

allele that code for antibiotic sensitivity

What results in individuals better adapted to reproduce in the current environement

Natural selection

—- digest starch

Amylases

How much of amylase genes in the human genome is need code for the amylase enzyme

~2-10 genes

Natural selection improved — catabolism

Carbohydrate

Is there an increase in the frequency of Alleles That Enable Us To Metabolize Toxins In Foods, Hallucinogenic Preparations, And Herbal Remedies since our ancetors?

Yes

Some alleles enable the — of phytotoxins in cultivated vegetables and seeds

• Detoxification

Over Many Generations, Have The Alleles That Detoxify Psychoactive Molecules In Hallucinogenic Fungi & Plants Increased In Frequency In Human Populations?

yes

A Tibetan population has better adaptation to it high altitude of > 4000m because:

• increased blood delivery to tissue due to increased blood vessel diameter and capillary number

• Increased breathing rate and increased lung volume

• Reduced Hemoglobin concentration in red blood cells.

What is the Heterozyote advantage

• Heterozygotes Produce More Offspring Than Homozygotes

• Heterozygotes (A/a) With One Copy Of The Sickle Cell Disease Allele Or Beta-Thalassemia Allele Are More Resistant To Malaria

Over Many Generations, has the Alleles that enable Us To Detoxify Ethanol Molecules increased In Frequency? what does detoxification of ethanol do?

yes: they enable us to consume fermented foods including beer, bread, pickles, wine and yogurt

— changes the frequency of alleles in apopulation that affect reproduction under current environmental conditions.

Natural selection

_ _can increase the frequency of mutated alleles that cause medical problems.

Heterozygote Advantage

What genotype produce more offspring?

Heterozygote (A/a)

Heterozygotes (A/a genotype) produce __ than either Homozygote (AA genotype or aa Genotype).

more offspring

Sickle cell disease and Beta-Thalassemia result to

Malaria Resistance

Cystic Fibrosis result in

Cholera, Tuberculosis, Typhoid fever resistance

Tay-Sachs disease result in

Improve ethanol and lactose Metabolism and Tuberculosis Resistance

According to the slides, is it truth that some mutated alleles that cause illness improved our ancestors’ ability to reproduce.

Yes

High uric Acid Level in our ancestors reduced:

• High Blood pressure (Hypertension)

• Oxidative damage of biological molecules

Genes affect brain —, structure, and —-

Function, behavior

Alleles related bipolar disorder improved reproduction by increasing:

• Artistic ability

• Beauty (Physical Appearance)

• Confidence

• Courageous Behavior and Impulsive behavior

• Fertility

• Intellect

• Libido

Bipolar disorder is also known as

Manic Depression

Bipolar disorder alleles enabled our ancestors to —— when isolated during long winters

Mentally Hibernate

Autism spectrum behavior increased the ability of our ancestors to-

• Focus on repetitive activities essentials for survival like caring for domesticated animals, food storage, foraging & hunting, tending crops

• Survive alone during periods of isolation

What does attention-deficit & Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for our ancestors

• Increased innovation, useful ideas, and inventions improved food availability, medical treatments, safety.

What is Dyslexia?

Dyslexia is an ancient brain superpower.

Dyslexia is an — Brain —-

Ancient, Superpower

Dyslexia enchanced

Their creativity, intellect, problem-solving

What is contamination OCD?

fear of getting a serious disease and fear of contact with deadly virues

Contamination OCD reduced our ancestors’ risk of

Compromised immunity, infectious disease, parasitism, poisoning

How does infections to not get spread in black garden ant?

Reduced Pathogen Transmission In Black Garden Ants Is Due To -

• Infected Workers Avoiding Uninfected Workers

• Uninfected Workers Avoiding Infected Workers

— are behaviors that enable productive social interactions

Traits of virtue

The hypothesis that populations with individuals showing cooperative behavior produce more offspring is known as

Group Natural selection

Group Natural Selections is the proposed mechanism that — the frequency of —- and —- social behaviors that enables our ancestors to thrive on Earth.

Increased, Cooperative, Productive

Inter-sexual sexual selection is also known as the

Female choice

Trait male offered in an inter-sexual sexual selection

• Adaptation to local food sources

• Mitochondrial Functions

• Parasite and Pathogen immunity

• Predator avoidance

In inter-sexual sexual selection, females prefer male that are

• Chosen by other females

• Physically attractive

• Proven problem solvers

Male compete with other males to. mate with females is known as

Intra-Sexual sexual selection

Traits that given to future generations are

• Anatomical

• Behavioral

• Physiological

In Intra-sexual sexual selection: male to male competition favors males that:

• are camouflaged as females

• are larger, stronger, faster, more, agile, possess faster reflexes

• are more aggressive, clever, deceptive, jealous, suspicious

• Produce larger antlers, foreheads, horns, tusks.

Sexual selection occurs when one sex — prefers —- in the other sex

innately, specific traits

Over Generations, Which Process Caused This Size Difference Between The Sexes?

Intra-sexual sexual selection

Over Many Generations, The Alleles Detoxify Psychoactive Molecules In - - & - Increased In Frequency In Human Populations

Hallucinogenic Fungi , Plants

We can modify environmental conditions to select for less virulent (less harmful) pathogen populations in an environment that

• Decrease the reproduction of more (dangerous) virulent pathogens

• Increase the reproduction of less virulent pathogens