10: Bacterial Transformation

Biotechnology Term 1

Plasmids

Circular pieces of DNA that can replicate independently within bacterial cells.

Location of Plasmids

Found in the cytoplasm alongside chromosomal DNA.

Function of Plasmids

Capable of independent replication and contain genes that can be transferred between cells, facilitating genetic diversity.

Restriction Enzymes

Enzymes that serve as a natural defense mechanism for bacteria against foreign DNA.

Functionality of Restriction Enzymes

Recognize specific short sequences of double-stranded DNA and cut DNA at specific sites.

Blunt Ends

Cuts formed when the enzyme cuts the DNA molecule straight across.

Sticky Ends

Cuts that leave unpaired bases, allowing for easier ligation with other DNA fragments.

Recombinant DNA Technology

Involves combining DNA from two or more different species to create recombinant DNA.

Multiplication of Recombinant DNA

Can be amplified using bacterial or yeast cells, which replicate both their own DNA and the inserted DNA.

Bacterial Transformation Overview

Plasmids are used as vectors to introduce foreign genetic material into bacterial cells.

Preparation Steps for Bacterial Transformation

DNA of interest is prepared, digested with a restriction enzyme, and ligated with a plasmid.

Detailed Process of Bacterial Transformation

Involves cutting plasmids and genes with the same enzyme, ligation, and introduction into bacterial cells.

Example of Recombinant DNA Application

The gene for human insulin can be transferred into bacteria, enabling large-scale production for diabetes treatment.

Importance of Plasmids in Biotechnology

Essential tools for gene transfer and cloning.

Role of Restriction Enzymes

Critical for cutting DNA at specific sites, facilitating the creation of recombinant DNA.

Significance of Bacterial Transformation

Allows for the introduction and replication of foreign genes in bacterial cells, with applications in medicine and agriculture.