theories of personality final

chapters 9-18

chapter 9

the basis of psychoanalysis

psychic determinism

the assumption that everything psychological has a cause that is, in principle, identifiable.

id

the repository of the drives, the emotions, and the primitive, unconscious part of the mind that wants everything now.

ego

the relatively rational part of the mind that balances the competing claims of the id, the superego, and reality

superego

the part of the mind that consists of the conscience and the individual’s system of internalized rules of conduct, or morality

compromise formation

in modern psychoanalytic thought, the main job of the ego, which is to find a compromise among the different structures of the mind and the many differen things the individual wants all at the same time. what the individual actually thinks and does is the result of this compromise

libido

the drive toward the creation, nurturing, and enhancement of life (including but not limited to sex), or the energy stemming from this drive

Thanatos

another term for the drive toward death, destruction, and decay.

doctrine of opposites

the idea that everything implies or contains its opposite.

oral stage

the stage of psychosexual development, from birth to about 18 months of age, during which the physical focus of the libido is located in the mouth, lips, and tongue.

anal stage

the stage of psychosexual development, from about 18 months to 3 or 4 years of age, in which the physical focus of the libido is located in the anus and associated eliminative organs.

phallic stage

the stage of psychosexual development from about 4 to 7 years of age in which the physical focus of the libido is the penis (for boys) and its absence (for girls).

identification

taking on the values and worldview of another person (e.g., a parent).

genital stage

the final stage of psychosexual development, in which the physical focus of the libido is on the genitals, with an emphasis on heterosexual relationships. The stage begins at about puberty but is only fully attained when and if the individual achieves psychological maturity.

mental health

according to Freud’s definition, the ability to both love and work.

fixation

leaving a disproportionate share of one’s libido behind at an earlier stage of development.

regression

retreating to an earlier, more immature stage of psychosexual development, usually because of stress but sometimes in the service of play and creativity.

secondary process thinking

the term for rational and conscious processes of ordinary thought.

primary process thinking

the term for the strange and primitive style of unconscious thinking manifested by the id.

condensation

the method of primary process thinking in which several ideas are compressed into one.

symbolization

the process of primary process thinking in which one thing stands for another.

conscious mind

the part of the minds activities of which one is aware

preconscious

thoughts and ideas that temporarily reside just out of consciousness but which can be brought to mind quickly and easily

unconscious

those areas and processes of the mind of which a person is not aware

defense mechanism

the mechanisms of the ego that serve to protect an individual from experiencing anxiety produced by conflicts with the id, superego, or reality.

denial

the defense mechanism that allows the mind to deny that a current source of anxiety exists

repression

the defense mechanism that banishes the past from current awareness

reaction formation

the defense mechanism that keeps an anxiety producing impulse or thought in check by producing its opposite

projection

the defense mechanism of attributing to somebody else a thought or impulse one fears in oneself

rationalization

the defense mechanism that produces a seemingly logical rationale for an impulse or thought that otherwise would cause anxiety

intellectualization

the defense mechanism by which thoughts that otherwise would cause anxiety are translated into cool analytic, nonarousing terms

displacement

the defense mechanism that redirects an impulse from a dangerous target to a safe one

sublimation

the defense mechanism that turns otherwise dangerous or anxiety producing impulses toward the constructive ends

transference

the tendency to bring ways of thinking, feeling, and behavior that developed toward one important person into later relationships with different persons.

what are the parts of the unconscious mind?

id, ego, and superego

the primitive unconscious part of the mind that wants everything immediately

the id

relatively ration part of the mind that balances competing claims of the id, superego, and reality

the ego

the part of the mind that consists of the conscience and the individuals system of internalized rules of conduct or morality

the superego

a key tenet of psychoanalytic thought, what a person thinks and does is the result of a compromise

compromise formation

including but not limited to sex

libido

what is the most controversial approach to psychology?

psychoanalysis

what are the two motives Freud believed every person had?

libido & Thanatos

a drive towards death, destruction, and decay

Thanatos

entrophy

the basic force in the universe toward randomness and disorder

how many components are there to each stage of psychosexual development?

three

what are the 3 components present in each stage of psychosexual development?

physical focus, psychological theme, and adult character type

in psychosexual development where the energy is concentrated and gratification is obtained

physical focus

in psychosexual development the demands on the child from the outside world

psychological theme

psychological theme of dependency

oral stage

only the id is present during this stage..

the oral stage

physical focus on the mouth, lips, and tongue

the oral stage

physical focus on the anus and eliminative organs

the anal stage

psychological theme of self control and obedience

anal stage

this stage is commonly known as “the terrible twos”..

the anal stage

physical focus on the penis in boys, and the absence of one in girls

genital stage

psychological theme of gender identity and sexuality

the genital stage

this is a by-product of identification in the phallic stage..

morality development

this stage makes up the superego..

the phallic stage

this stage of psychosexual development is associated with the Oedipal crisis..

phallic stage

final stage in psychosexual development

genital stage

physical focus on the genitals

phallic stage

this is what we typically mean by the word “think”

secondary process thinking

thinking without negatives, qualifications, sense of time, practicalities, etc.

primary process thinking

what is the topographic model?

a way to conceptualize mental processes using the "iceberg" metaphor, where the tip is conscious, the submerged part is the preconscious, and the vast base is the unconscious

the part of the mind’s activities of which one is aware

conscious mind

thoughts and ideas that temporarily reside just out of consciousness but which can be brought to mind quickly and easily

preconscious mind

those areas and processes of the mind of which a person is not aware

unconscious mind

denial

a defense mechanism that prevents perception of source of anxiety

repression

a defense mechanism that prevents recall of anything that might remind one of the source of anxiety

reaction formation

a defense mechanism that protects against a forbidden thought or impulse by instigating the opposite

projection

a defense mechanism that attributes an unwanted impulse or attribute in oneself to other people

rationalization

a defense mechanism that creates a seemingly logical reason for doing something shameful

intellectualization

a defense mechanism that translates a threatening situation into cold, intellectual terms

displacement

a defense mechanism that redirects forbidden impulse onto a safer target

sublimation

a defense mechanism that redirects base of impulse in a constructive direction

chapter 10

psychoanalysis after Freud

neo-Freudian psychology

a general term for the psychoanalytically oriented work of many theorists and researchers who are influenced by Freud’s theory.

ego psychology

the modern school of psychoanalytic thought that believes the most important aspect of mental functioning is the way the ego mediates between, and formulates compromises among, the impulses of the id and the superego.

organ inferiority

in Adler’s version of psychoanalysis, the idea that people are motivated to succeed in adulthood in order to compensate for whatever they felt, in childhood, was their weakest aspect

masculine protest

in Adler’s version of psychoanalysis, the idea that a particular urge in adulthood is an attempt to compensate for one’s powerlessness felt in childhood

collective unconscious

in Jung’s version of psychoanalysis, the proposition that all people share certain unconscious ideas because of the history of the human species

archetypes

in Jung’s version of psychoanalysis, the fundamental images of people that are contained in the collective unconscious including (among others) “the earth mother” “the hero” “the devil”

persona

in Jung’s version of psychoanalysis, the social mask one wears in public dealings

anima

in Jung’s version of psychoanalysis, the idea of the typical woman as held in the mind of a man

animus

in Jung’s version of psychoanalysis, the idea of the typical man as held in the mind of a woman

object relations theory

the psychoanalytic study of interpersonal relations, including the unconscious images and feelings associated with the important people (objects) in a person’s life