THEOLOGY 1001 FINAL

Samuel Turpin Marquette 2025

incarnation

in flesh, Jesus Christ took on a body, put himself in creation

annunciation

angel Gabriel’s announcement of Jesus’s birth to Mary

virgin birth

Mary was a virgin when Jesus was born; miracle of incarnation

nativity

physical human body to cross and made to be broken; physical pains of birth and suffering of christ; divine love to breaking birth waters to baptism that brings new life and salvation; god becoming human (incarnation); Jesus’s life on earth

trinity

father, son, Holy Spirit; grapples with unity and distinctiveness; both fully god and fully human;

word (logos)

the word was with god and the word was god; Jesus is gods self expression; through the word the world was created and the word became Jesus;

second Adam

Jesus Christ is the second Adam; new beginning for humanity; Jesus reverses the curse, defeats death, and restore relationship with god

reign of god/kingdom of heaven

Jesus’ message is the kingdom of god; expectations about reign of god: Jesus is looking for messianic figure, military conquest, and peace and stability; the kingdom of heaven: brings about restoration, releases captives, and heals sick, all are welcome, and has an everlasting reign;

prophet

religious figure, embossing between god and humanity; gods will to people; Isaiah, David,

covenant

a promise/contract, in relation to god

davidic convenant

“establish throne forever”, unconditional covenant; promises: great name, peaceful homeland of Israel forever, son who will build temple (Solomon) and throne that will last forever

messiah

anointed one; Jesus is the messiah who brings god’s kingdom

emmanuel

god with us in Jesus;

why did Jesus speak in parables

spoke in parables to 1. communicate clearly 2. explain difficult concepts 3. to conceal

parable

fictional story/analogy used to illustrate a point; like a fable without animals; earthly story with heavenly meaning;

messianic secret

Jesus didn’t reveal self completely; no reason for secrecy but maybe wanted to avoid a premature death

Emmanuel

wells: god not just for us, but with us; by not fixing things from above, becoming human in weakness and shows ministry comes from presence, not power

parable of the good samaritan

priest and levile went to other side of road, but samaritan helped a sick person - moral of the story, cant love god without loving neighbor, not about who your neighbor is, but how can we be neighborly;

miracles

reveal something about Jesus divinity but also reign of god namely how the world ought to be; cant prove that they took place - focus on power of christ and new vision for world; aquinas said they are done by divine power apart from order usually observed in nature, Hume said violation of laws of nature, Augustine said not contrary to nature, but contrary to what we know about nature

lourdes

place for miracles/healing; professional process to confirm

dabar (duns/kelly)

a word accomplishes what it represents; Jesus miracles are manifestation of his preaching; when god speaks, god acts; when god acts, god reveals; god’s speech makes something real

passion narrative

parts of gospels that talk about suffering and death (week before death); own people wanted to kill him, emperor wants to save; criminal finds way in paradise

crucifixion

terrible way to die; people crucified if they were insurrectionists(ppl trying to get above class system); 1. Jesus prays on the mountain of olives for strength and freedom (no death wish, humanity) 2. judas betrays Jesus (kisses him so romantic officials know who he is) 3. pilate deliveries Jesus for crucifixion 4. Jesus is crucified (Jesus asks god to forgive those persecuting him)

atonement

restoration; making us whole with god once again

paschal mystery

mystery to how Jesus’ death redeems us

resurrection

all biblical gospels testify to empty tomb; vindicates the suffering of the cross; reveal Jesus’s divine, royal status and inaugurates the kingdom of God; resurrection as the reversal (death to life, disciples don’t recognize); effects of the resurrection are new vision of life, gift of the Holy Spirit, new vision of community, possessions, servical suffering

pentecost

50 days after easter, spirit of god made it so they could hear other languages and understand others

gift of tongues

spirit given ability to speak in many languages earthly or heavenly that the speaker did not learn

love (st aquinas) (effective vs affective)

effective: means something that produces, intended result

affective: something that has been influenced by, is a result of, or expresses emotion

humanity’s two plights (Samuel wells)

morality: human failure and brokenness; need god

isolation: service is about being with other people, need for presence and connection

Turpin thinks his viewpoint is too extreme bc you can do things for others too and that’s still good

catholic social teaching

body of literature that applies gospel to pressing ethical issues; first instance where pope addresses political issues head on;

7 key principles: human dignity, call to family community and participation, rights and responsibilities, preferential option for the poor and vulnerable, the right to labor, solidarity, care for god’s creation (environment) 8th: subsidiarity decision should be made at the lowest possible(most local level of authority)

homeboy industies

founded by greg boyle; provide hope, training and support to former gang members and previously incarcerated individuals; redemption over punishment; model for justice and mercy

kinship

not serving the other, but being one with the other; Jesus was not just for others but was one with them;

direct action

confronting justice actively and publicly; nonviolent, public, purposeful, and accept consequences; create tension; tried to negotiate - would stop demonstrations if signs were taken down; around easter because shopping line, postpone to elections

just laws

in harmony with moral laws, human dignity, common good, democratic; uplift human personality; manmade; aligns with god’s law

unjust laws

not in accord with god; out of harmony with moral law, degrade human personality

discernment

use the pyramid of values to determine ultimate concern; seeing clearly; movements that lead you towards god;

good spirit

brings us closer to god and increases our faith, love, gives life meaning, bring CONSOLATION; not always the easy path but it is the fulfilling one

evil spirit

takes us away from god, we are thrown into world of sin; hopelessness, anxiety fear,

consolation

things that draw you closer to god; feelings of comfort, reassurance, and peace when we reflect on who we are and where we want to go with our lives

desolation

feelings of discomfort, anxiety, or unease during reflection

concupiscence

inner pull towards what is selfish, harmful, or not aligned with god; built in human tendency to want the wrong thing; tendency not an act; congenital inclination towards evil; Adam and Eve

structural sin

sin is not only personal but also built into the structures, systems, and institutions; sin is bigger than any one person; invisible to people who benefit from it;

personal conversion

individuals transformation from sin to grace; personal guilt and guilt on periphery

social reform

everything apart from self tainted by sin;

justice

attitude of respect for all (don’t use for profit); firm residue to not be suborned by positions of power (privilege); not just refusal but also counterattack against justice

trinity

grapple with unity and distinctions of the father son and Holy Spirit; not tritheism; 3 in 1; one divine essence, three persons

athanasius reading guide

three phases of Israel history

golden years (David was king, military conquest); Solomon and Rheboam (divided kingdom, raise taxes); Exile (Israel having identity crisis, peace and stability)

David to Solomon to rheboam

messianic expectations

descendent of David, spirit anointed bring good news to poor, proclaim liberation and justice, kingly representative, born in Bethlehem

aquinas definition of miracles

miracles are things done by divine power apart from order usually observed in nature

hume definition of miracles

violation of the laws of nature

augustine definition of miracles

miracles are not contrary to nature, but only contrary to what we know about nature

four types of miracles

healing: demonstrate that the body matters

exorcism: demonstrate god’s dominion over dark powers

nature: demonstrate god’s presence in nature

death: demonstrate reign of god is place of life, death has no place

three reversals (duns/kelly)

social reversal: lowly are lifted up, god honors those who the world dismisses, greatness comes from faith and humility

political reversal: true power looks like vulnerability; kingdom built on peace, not military strength; leadership defined by service, not domination; gods power revealed through justice, mercy, and self-giving love, not coercion

religious reversal: reveals himself not to religious elite, but spiritually insignificant; god overturns expectation of who is worthy or holy

key events in passion narrative

1. Jesus prays on mountain of olives for strength/freedom; doesn’t have death wish

2. judas betrays Jesus by kissing him so roman officials know who he is

3. pilate delivers Jesus for crucification

4. Jesus is crucified and asks god to forgive those who persecute him

atonement theories

1. christ as OT sacrifice (sacrificial lamb) - pitfall: too close to human sacrifice; strength: allows continuity between old na new testament

2. ransom theory (we captives to evil forces (satan) because of sin & Jesus pays ransom to save us) - pitfall: are we really under satans reign; strength: symbolizes hold that evil has on humans

3. penal substitution theory (Jesus endures the wrath of god for humans, abusive father vibes) - pitfall: god = abusive father; strength: recognize god does have anger

4. Christis victor (pioneer, christ beat powers of sin and death and leads us to redemption) - pitfall: how does one beat sin and death? how do we connect? too flowery? strength: Jesus completes earthly mission; positive portrayal

5. satisfaction theory (god created world of honor, we owe god our honor, unable to glorify him bc sin so we have debt, Jesus comes in and honors god to pay debt) - economic analogy, Jesus can pay debt bc fully divine and fully human

cross and the lynching tree (similarities/differences)

both are public and innocent; the cross is offensive; both are instruments or terror and public execution; targeted innocent marginalized people; brutality at heart of justice system; sites of resistance, hope and faith; differences: The cross has been used to oppress; the lynching tree exposes that misuse, The cross is ritualized; lynching is recent and traumatic

“for” vs “with” missional model

the “for” model fixes problems; the “with” model heals people;

catholic social teaching (history and key principles)

body of literature that applies gospel to pressing ethical issues; pope Leo xiii (industrial revolution, capitalism, and socialism), pope John xxiii (during Cold War, encourages disarming) Vatican council (harkens new era of cooperation with the world (church and state work together)) laudato si’ (environment concerns); key principles: 1. human dignity (foundational principle, all demand respect) 2. call to family, community, and participation 3. rights and responsibilities 4. preferential option for the poor and vulnerable 5. the right to labor 6. solidarity - work together for the common goal 7. care for gods creation, environment ADDITIONAL 8. subsidiary: decision should be made at lowest possible/most local level of authority

thermostat vs thermometer (mlk jr)

church used to be the thermostat but now its the thermometer

task of jesuit education

men and women for others, center called to go out of himself, don’t shut off; call to action: live simply, no unjust profit, agent of change (be the difference)

man for others

we must give ourselves up for others because god did too

Mary

mother of Jesus; model of dicipleship; poor young girl, but still birthed Jesus; said yes to god; early mother of Jesus; virgin birth

Jesus

fully divine and fully human, the word;

Mary karr

gritty version of nativity; describe Jesus as truly a newborn; birth is visceral ; there is mutual dependence on the mother and Jesus; first sleep is first draught of death that Jesus will awaken from

Denise Levertov

recognize human brokenness; humans are chosen by god but also lose innocence; becoming human in the mess of humankind - shows what its like to be human and solidarity

athanasius

said the word because flesh so humanity could be restored to communion with god; 1. god fully human and fully god 2. only god becoming human could heal humanity sin and morality 3. humans are meant to share in gods life; incarnation is central to theology; salvation is restoration of human nature, not legal help;

Isaiah

8th century prophet; talked to king about gods; Israel; spoke about gods judgment and hope; don’t just worship, but also act justly and with mercy; foretold virgin birth, child rule in peace, suffering servant;

David

king in 1000 bce; second king of Israel; took down Goliath; united Israel and put Jerusalem as the capital; davidic covenant; Jesus is son of David (in family line, fulfills convenant)

judas Iscariot

betrayed Jesus; kissed him so officials would know who he is and prosecute him; one of Jesus’s apostles;

pilate

deliveries Jesus for crucification; disagreed with his own ruling; political power and moral compromise;

barabbas

a prisoner in Judea held for rebel, insurrection; he was released instead of Jesus; is violent and guilty (opposite to Jesus); Jesus dies in place of all sinners and barabbas; Jesus innocently dies for others

disciples on road to emmaus

2 followers of Jesus; Jesus walks with them but they do not recognize him at first; Jesus breaks bread with them and then they recognize him and return to Jerusalem to share the news; shows god works through gods word and sacred practices; Jesus walks along sorrowful

dr james cone

wrote the cross and the lynching tree; both are innocent suffering at the hands of unjust systems; gods presence in human suffering; cross exposes structural sin;

Samuel wells

how to serve others in a christian way?; shift from doing things for others to doing things with others; god becomes human through Jesus and embraces human suffering in that way; humanity has two plights - morality and isolation

fr greg boyle

founder of homeboy industries; rehabilitation, dignity, and belonging; themes of kinship, radical compassion, and redemption;

mlk jr

nonviolent direct action; negotiation fails when those in power refuse to engage; constructive tension to confront injustice; just vs unjust laws; civil disobedience is a moral obligation; critique of moderation; moral responsibility to oppose justice;

white ministers

said stop demonstrations and rely on the courts; support structural sin; calling for calm, obedience and restraint; encouraged waiting for change; encouraged wait for change and avoid confrontation;

Ignatius

founder of jesuits; find god in all things; discernment

Pedro arrupe

men and women for others; use gifts for common good; not charity, but way of life;

Discussion of the Pros and Cons of various Atonement Theories

1. ransom/christus victor:

Describe and discuss MLK’s distinction between just and unjust laws

just law follows god’s law and moral law; uplifts human dignity; applied equally to everyone; unjust law degrades human personality, is applied unequally, is morally wrong; people have moral obligation to obey just laws and moral obligation to disobey unjust laws; structural sin

Describe Wells’s distinction between “for” and “with” missional models.

for: done on behalf of others, fixing problems, distance and control, reinforce dependency;

with: done alongside others; sharing life and experience; relationship and participation; dignity and agency; relates to Emmanuel - god is with us

paternalism vs authentic christian discipleship; avoid human isolation

Jesus’s Fulfillment of Messianic Expectations (Isaiah 61; 2 Sam 7; Luke 4:14–44)

expected to be a descendant of David, bring justice peace and restoration, restore god’s kingdom;

Isaiah: Jesus is the figure expected to preach good news to the poor, freedom for the oppressed, liberate and restore, claims role of anointed one; “with”

sam: davidic covenant - Jesus ancestry is David, establish righteous and eternal kingdom; spiritual kingship, conquered sin and death, community of justice, peace, inclusion

Luke: public minster as fulfillment, for justice and mercy, gods kingdom in human history,

kingdom has justice, mercy, and liberation that is spiritual and social