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art
aesthetically pleasing and meaningful arrangement of elements (words, sounds, colors, shapes, etc.)
art
form of human activity whose chief character is determined by such arrangement
architecture
the science or profession of designing and constructing buildings or other structures
decorative arts
any of the arts pertaining to the following
painting
sculpture
glass and glassware
ceramic and pottery
metallurgy and plants
practical
seeks to establish what was built, when, by whom, and for whom
historical
the whys and its relationship to the social economic political, cultural, and religious environment
aesthetics
accounts visual and stylistic differences and to explain how styles change and why they do so
factors of historical development
rational, technological, and constructional
social and religious
economic, cultural, and political
spirit of the age (zeitgeist)
paleolithic age
30 000 - 10 000 BC
concerned itself with food or fertility
an attempt to gain some sort of control over their management by magic or ritural
represent a giant key in human cognition (abstract thinking)
mousterian
use of pigments for bodily ornamentation
aurignacian
cave paintings
magdalenian
the last of the hunter-gatherers
art found: engravings of animals on bone
paleolithic age art
types of art:
portable art
stationary art
portable art
small figurines or decorative objects were carved or modelef with clay
venus
figurines were collectively known as __________ as they were unmistakably female of child bearing build
venus of willendorf
4 ½ tall
made of limestone
features pendulous breasts, an obese middle and belly, and pronounce buttocks
great hall of the bulls
painted with four great bulls
believed to express belief in the power of the animals
mesolithic age
10 000 - 8 000 BC
saw beginnings of settled communities and farming
invention of bow and arrow
pottery for food storage and domestication of small animals
mesolithic age art
types of art
pottery
rock paintings
pottery
[mesolithic age]
utilitarian in origin
not for visual pleasurep
rock paintings
[Mesolithic age]
similar to paleolithic cave paintings
moved out to outdoors to vertical cliffs
neolithic age
7 000 - 3 000 BC
men first developed agriculture and settled in permanent villages
mud bricks were first used
pottery
[neolithic age]
made by kilning and mostly for storage of food
mostly painted / decorated
vessels used for storage and cooking
neolithic age
types of architecture
beehive hut
trullo
megalith
trullo
conical
stone-roofed buildings unique to the region of Puglia (Apulia) in southeastern Italy
megalith
a large stone which has been used to construct a structure of monument either alone or with other stones
menhir
large, single upright standing stone
dolmen
a free standing chamber, consisting of standing stones covered by a capstone as a lid
used for burial
covered by mounds
orthostat
an upright slab forming part of a larger structure
stone circle
cromlech in welsh
stone row
a linear arrangement of upright, parallel standing stones
taula
a straight standing stone, topped with another forming a T shape
trilithon
two parallel upright stones with a horizontal stone (lintel) placed on top
e.g. Stonehenge
bronze age
copper and tin were widely used
use of semi-precious stones
advance pottery
Mesopotamian civilization
4 300 - 331 BC
known as the cradle of civilizations
enormous advances and contributions
sumerian period
6 000 - 4 000 BC
contributed the cuneiform and the ziggurat architecture
invented writing and produced the world’s first literature
epic of gilgamesh
world’s first literature
akkadian period
first mesopotamian rulers to call themselves kings
may have been the first to cast hollow life-size bronze sculptures
neo-sumerian period
constructed one of the largest ziggurats in mesopotamia at Ur
babylonian period
4 000 - 700 BC
greatest king Hammurabi
hammurabi
formulated wide-ranging laws immortalized on the code of hammurabi stele
neo-babylonian period
nebuchadnezzar II captured Jerusalem and has been associated with the architectural wonders of Babylon
nebuchadnezzar ii
built the ishtar gate which was included among the 7 wonders of the world
ishtar gate
included among the 7 wonders of the world
built by nebuchadnezzar II
assyrian period
700 - 500 BC
palaces were fortified citadels with lamassu guardians
persian period
539 - 331 BC
cyrus the great of persia defeated the babylonians and achieved an enormous empire
persepolis was built by dairus I
xerxes built a huge palace complex with an audience hall that could accommodate 10 000 guests
cyrus the great of persia
defeated the babylonians and achieved an enormous empire
persepolis
was built by dairus I
xerxes
built a huge palace complex with an audience hall that could accommodate 10 000 guests
Cuneiform
[mesopotamian art]
a system of writing typified by the use of characters formed by the arrangement of small wedge-shaped elements
Sculptures
[mesopotamian art]
characterized by large circular eyes and curly hair and beard
Lamassu
[mesopotamian art]
A great stone statue of a human-headed winged bull that preceded the palace of Ishtar, Palace of Sargon II, City of Khorsabad.
The Law Code of Hammurabi
[mesopotamian art]
The text of Hammurabi’s code comprising of 300 statues written in Akkadian on 51 columns.
Ziggurat
Artificial mountains made of tiered rectangular layers which rose in number from one to seven in the course of Mesopotamian history.
Palaces
The Assyrians introduced polychrome ornamental brickwork and also high plinths or dadoes made of great stone slabs placed on edges; usually carved with low relief sculpture.
Ishtar Gate
entrance to the Palace of Sargon
named after the goddess of love, fertility and war
it is faced with glazed bricks with rows of bulls and dragons
Tower of Babel
a seven-tiered ziggurat
rising from a base of 297 sq.ft
Its mounds of ruins lay in Baghdad
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
A great palace built by Nebuchadnezzar for his wife, Amytis
Palace Complex at Persepolis
built on stone platform
consisted of multi-columned buildings
Access to the platform was a long double stairway
Apadana
also called audience hall
large hypostyle hall begun by Darius and finished by Xerxes
used mainly for great receptions by the kings
contained 72 columns and two monumental stairways
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PERIOD
3 500-1 000 B.C
Focus on permanence, stability, eternity, life after death.
Formalized art
rules for the portrayal of the human figure
Theoracy
Pharaoh thought to be a god.
Hieroglyphics
a system of writing with picture-symbols this allowed history to be written.
Pharaoh
was considered divine
Amon
The god of Thebes; sacred animals, the ram and goose
Anubis
Jackal-god
patron of embalmers
god of necropolis
Aten
The god of the sun-disk
worshipped as the creator god by Akhenaten
Bes
Helper of women in childbirth
protector against snakes and other dangers
depicted as a dwarf with features of a lion
Hapi
The god of the Nile flood
depicted as a man with female breasts
Hathor
The goddess of children
depicted as a cow, or as a woman with cow’s horns.
Horus
The falcon-god
originally the sky god
identified with the king during his lifetime
the son of Osiris and Isis
Imhotep
The architect who was later deified as the god of learning and medicine
Isis
The divine mother
one of protector-goddesses
protecting coffins and canopic jars
Maat
The goddess of truth
depicted as a woman with ostrich feather on her head
Mut
The wife of Amon
originally the vulture goddess
later depicted as a woman
Osiris
The god of the underworld
identified as the dead king
depicted as a mummified king
Ptah
The creator god of Memphis
patron god of craftsmen
depicted as a mummiform man
Ra(e)
The sun-god of Heliopolis
supreme judge
depicted as falcon-headed
Seth
The god of storms and violence
brother and murderess of Osiris, rival of Horus
depicted as a pig, ass, hippopotamus, etc.
yes
Uses of Egyptian Art
As ornament.
As record of history.
As veneration to the gods.
type “yes”
Law of Frontality
Face must look straight ahead and each side must be exactly like the other
Egyptian period sculpture
Lions, bulls of red granite
Seated figures of royalty
Sphinx
Sarcophagus
Sphinx
mythical beast of ancient Egypt
symbolizing the pharaoh as an incarnation of the sun god Ra
represented in sculpture usually in a recumbent position with the head of a man and the body of a lion
Sarcophagus
carved, generally stone case in which the linen-wrapped mummy was placed
ok
Characteristics of Egyptian Architecture
Rectangular forms in straight lines are its dominant features.
Massive and solid.
Excessively thick walls.
Simple forms and few moldings.
Proportions and support were heavy and sturdy.
Trabeated construction
type “ok”
Trabeated construction
A system of column and lintel
Imhotep
The first recorded artist of Western history
architect to Zoser
Enjoyed the status of a court official and was later deified.
Mastabas
Funerary temples for commoners
developed into step pyramids
Necropolis
City of mastabas
Pyramids
massive funerary structure of stone or brick with a square base and four sloping triangular sides meeting at the apex
used mainly in ancient Egypt
Stepped pyramid
midway between the earlier mastaba tombs and the perfected forms
composed of a series of mastabas, each smaller, and stacked on top of each other.
types of pyramids
stepped
bent
straight
Obelisks
Square shaft of stone with a pyramidal top used as a monument
Temples
Post and lintel construction characterized as a forest of columns
Mortuary Temples
For the dead Pharaoh.
Cult Temples
For popular worship of the ancient gods
Rock-hewn tombs/temples
Located on cliffs where they cut labyrinth passageways that led to ceremonial and
burial chambers
later replaced by temples.
yay
Parts of an Egyptian Temple Plan
pylon
peristyle
hypostyle hall
sanctuary
type “yay”
Pylon
Monumental gateway to an Egyptian temple
consisting of a pair of tower structures with slanting walls flanking the entrance portal.
Note 
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