The Oceans of Our Planet

____% of the earths surface is covered by oceans.

71

There is more ocean in what hemisphere?

Southern hemisphere,

what fraction of our planets land is in the northern hemisphere?

2/3

How much of the southern hemisphere is covered by water?

80%

There are _ large ocean basins on the earth.

4

Each of them is a very large saucer-like depression of the sea bed and contains a named ocean. A 5th ocean encircles the continent of ___________.

Antarctica

The largest and deepest of the oceans is the _________.

Pacific ocean basin

Order of the ocean sizes

Pacific ocean, atlantic ocean, indian ocean, arctic ocean,(southern ocean)

All of the oceans are really one vast, interconnected body of water. Average depth is _________ meters.

3800

What ocean is not a true basin

southern

The 5 oceans are connected to various shallower seas. What are the 4 seas?

Caribbean sea, arabian sea, mediterranean sea, gulf of mexico

The average depth in meters for the pacific ocean is:

4190

The average depth in meters for the atlantic ocean is:

3740

The average depth in meters for the indian ocean is:

3870

The average depth in meters for the arctic ocean is:

4500

The average depth in meters for the southern ocean is:

1330

The approximate area in square kilometers for the pacific ocean is:

166,000,000

The approximate area in square kilometers for the atlantic ocean is:

86,500,000

The approximate area in square kilometers for the indian ocean is:

73,000,000

The approximate area in square kilometers for the arctic ocean is:

20,327,000

The approximate area in square kilometers for the southern ocean is:

9,500,000

Inner core is made up of what

iron

what degrees is the inner core?

4000

Outer core

Slightly less pressure.(iron is in liquid state)

movement within the liquid outerlayer core produces what

magnetic field

Mantle

made of rock that's near it's melting point

What's another name for the mantle?

plastic rock

Crust

floats on top of the mantle (outermost layer)

oceanic crust

The portion of the earth's crust that primarily contains basalt, is relatively dense, and is about 5 kilometers thick.

Basalt

solidified lava that is usually dark in color. it's denser that continetial crust and floats a little lower on the mantle than continental crust

continental crust

The portion of the earth's crust that primarily contains granite, is less dense than oceanic crust, and is 20-50 km thick

Granite

Different in chemical composition and lighter in color than basalt. It's less dense than oceanic crust. Much thicker than oceanic crust. 20-50 km thick

continental crust is is __ - __ km thick

20,50

when did scientists begin to realize the continents fit like puzzle pieces

1600's

plate tectonics

A process involving the movement of large plates on the earth's mantle

In 1912, Gernam physcologist, Alfred Wegner came up with a detailed hypothesis of _______________.

continential drift

What is Wegener's supercontinent called?

pangaea

continential drift

the belief that the plates of the earths crust drifted to their present position

What is plate tectonics?

when heat rises through the mantle creating currents

The process that moves the continents is called _________________________.

plate tectonics

According to the theory of plate tectonics, the continents are resting on various planes of the ____________

earth's crust

At the location where the two planes meet what are the two geographical structures?

mid-ocean ridge system, trench system

Mid-ocean ridge

A continuous chain of under water volcanic mountains encompassing the earth

Trench system

a system of deep depressions where plates meet

If the bands of igneous rock were formed at different times, the sections of the earth's crust near the ridge seem to be _____________.

moving away from eachother

Earthquakes are more common around what

ridges

If the bands of igneous rock were formed at different times, the sections of the earth's crust near the ridge seem to be moving away from each other. A crack in the crust between the plates occurs, this crack is called a _______.

rift

what layers of rock have magnetic particles that point south?

igneous

magma

melted mantle material

Melted mantle called magma rises up through the rift creating a raised ridge. Scientists call this process _____________.

seafloor spreading

seafloor spreading

The process that creates new sea floor as plates move away from each other at the mid-ocean ridges

In seafloor spreading, what is created?

a new seafloor

Today the tectonic plates move at a rate of between __ and __ cm a year

2, 18

Trenches are especially common in what ocean basin

pacific

subduction

the downward movement of one plate into the earths mantle

what are the two main areas the seafloor is divided into?

1.shallow margins (around the continents)

2. the deep seafloor

what are the 3 main regions of the continental margins?

continental shelf

continental slope

continental rise

def of continental shelf

the gently sloped edge of a continent extended from the share to the point where the slope gets steeper

def of continental slope

the steeper section of the continental edge extending downward from the continental shelf

def of continental rise?

the gentle sloping area at the base of the continental slope

the continental shelf make up only what percent of the oceans surface

8%

What is the shelf break?

the edge where the bottom begins to get deeper (occurs at the depth of 120-200 meters)

where does a build up of sediment lay

at the bottom of the continental slope

WHat is the 4th aditional seafloor

abyss plain

where does the abyss plain lie

3000-5000 meters down

What is an example of continental rise

andes mountains

What is surface tension?

the flexible skin on the surface of water

without hydrogen bonding what would boiling and freezing point be for water

-80(boiling), -100(freezing)

water has a high ______ _____

specific heat

def of specific heat

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1 degree

What is a solvent?

a substance that can dissolve other substances

What is the universal solvent?

water

waster is especially good at dissolving what

salt

what percentage of water is in sea water

96.5%

what is the most abundant salt is seawater

sodium chloride (about 85%)

Def of Salinity?

the measure of the total amount of salt dissolved in a solvent

what is the average salinity on the ocean

35 ppt

why is salinity higher in the subtropics

because of the high rates of evaporation

The first 7 major ions make up how much of salt concentration on the oceans

98%

______ in ocean water never really changes

salinity

name 3 removal processes of ocean water

some precipitates, droplets carried by wind, marine organisms use it for their teeth, shells, or bones

Freezing point of salt water is what

-2

what are the determining factors for temperature in water

salinity, depth, latitude

where is the densest seawater

at the bottom

What is the thermocline?

zone of rapid temperature change

What is the average sea surface temperature

26

photosynthesis can only occur in the first how many meters

100

what is another name for the twilight zone

disportic zone

what is another name for the midnight zone

aphotic zone

what is another name for the sunlight zone

euphoric zone

where is the intertidal zone

between tide lines

Where is the neritic zone?

over the continental shelf

Where is the pelagic zone?

open ocean

Where is the benthic zone?

bottom of the ocean

when do gasses dissolve the best

in cold water

on land pressure from the earths atmosphere is how many pounds per square inch or 1 atmosphere

about 14.7 lbs.

for every 10 meters how much pressure is added

1