romans and their world 15, romans and their world 16, romans and their world 17, romans and their world 18 (jews and rome), romans and their world 19, romans and their world 20 , Romans and their world - Final

First Settlement (27 BCE)

• gets authority over spain, gaul, syria, cilicia, cyprus, egypt

• authority to delegate responsibility for those provinces to other officials

• a series of honors, most importantly the title Augustus

• it's understood that he'll continue to hold the consulship

Augustus

(63 BCE - 14 CE) First emperor of Rome (27 BCE - 14 CE) He restored order and prosperity (in his way) to the Empire after nearly a century of turmoil. Grandnephew to Julius Caesar.

Auctoritas

authority, wisdom

princeps (first citizen)

what Octavian called himself (instead of dictator/king). means he's the origin of the principate

second settlement

The second settlement is established in 23 when the assassination plot against Octavian is discovered, and it is clear the first settlement wasn't working. Augustus resigns the consulship, keeps his provincea, upgrades to maius imperium (outranking everyone else), and is given tribunicia potestas (the authority of a tribune).

imperium proconsulare maius (power like that of a consul but greater)

• official legal authority over any other consul or provincial governor (not republican)

• 10 years, had to be renewed (this is republican)

tribunicia potestas

• power to propose and veto legislation

• power to summon senate and put motions to it

prima porta Augustus

high marble statue of Augustus Caesar which was discovered on April 20, 1863, in the Villa of Livia at Prima Porta, near Rome

orthpraxy

correct way to live and act

pax deorum (peace of the gods)

The harmony between man and gods in Rome. The Romans believed that this was achieved by following correct religious ritual

ludi saeculares (secular games)

‣ not secular lol very religious

‣ religious festival. games, prayers, etc.

celebrating augustus?

imperial cult

in the Roman world, a partly political and partly religious ceremony in honor of the emperor who was recognized as a superhuman or divine figure

in the east -- living god

in the west -- spirit. not a living god

numen (divinity, divine power)

divinity, divine power. living god!

this is what's worshipped in the east

genius (spirit)

spirit. not a living god.

• everyone has a genius -- not too different from the average person.

this is what's worshipped in the west

Julia

Julia gets forced to marry a lot of people. Including Marcellus, Agrippa and then her step brother Tiberius. Eventually exiled for adultery

Marcus Claudius Marcellus

married Julia. Died. this death is memorialized in the Aeneid -- augustus was sad about it it seems

Gaius Julius Caesar

son of Julia and Agrippa. Dies young, a great sorrow to Augustus who adopted him and his brother (probably wanted one of them to be his heir)

Lucius Julius Caesar

son of Julia and Agrippa. Dies young, a great sorrow to Augustus who adopted him and his brother (probably wanted one of them to be his heir)

Julii (julians)

One of the oldest roman families; claimed that they were descendants from Ascanius

Caesar's descendants?

Claudii (Claudians)

clan of tiberius and claudius. Julia and her family!

• Principate

A term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries CE, based on the ambiguous title princeps ("first citizen") adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship

• viritane grant

grants to individuals. vir = man.

• augustus, caesar gave citizenship as a reward to individuals for helping them in an extraordinary way (ex. funding a fleet of ships)

• can often identify them! by their name! upon receiving Roman citizenship, they also got a Roman name

• bloc grant

grants to entire communities. everyone in that town now got Roman citizenship

• caesar made grants of this kind to Cisalpine Gaul.

• Dio Cassius 51. 36 writes this down. gave them citizenship because Caesar once governed them (why do this? because they were his supporters, indebted to him!)

• auxiliaries

Non Roman soldiers in the Roman army made up of people from the provinces

non romans. get roman citizenship after a 25 year service when they are discharged

• military diploma

A document, usually inscribed in bronze, certifying honourable discharge from the Roman army and, in the case of a non-Roman citizen, the acquisition of Roman citizenship after discharge.

• Aquitania

SW Gaul, separated from Spain by Pyrenees Mountains

1 of 3 main divisions

• Belgica

was a province of the Roman Empire located in the north-eastern part of Roman Gaul,

• Lugdunensis

one of the three gauls (?)

capital of Gaul is Lugdunum

• Tres Galliae ("the Three Gauls")

splitting of Comata into 3 separate Gauls.

• Nero Claudius Drusus

‣ 12 BCE, augustus has Drusus take a census in the region

‣ leads to a revolt

‣ after supressing hte revolt, Augustus as Drusus establishes the Sanctuary of the Three Gauls at Lugdunum (capital of the 3 gauls)

‣ "provincial cult"

‣ contains a big altar to Roma and Augustus -- likely site of the Lyon Tablet

‣ Drusus' establishment of the cult in Lugdunum i show the imperial cult came to be established both in Gaul AND in the W Med

• Sanctuary of the Three Gauls

established at Lugdunum. establishing the imperial cult here?

• provincial cult

‣ contains a big altar to Roma and Augustus -- likely site of the Lyon Tablet

‣ Drusus' establishment of the cult in Lugdunum i show the imperial cult came to be established both in Gaul AND in the W Med

Praetorian Prefect

Commander(s) of Praetorian Guard whose military and judicial

authority was second only to the emperor's

Praetorian Guard

Emperor's bodyguard, established by Augustus

Gaius Julius Vindex

Governor of Lugdunensis who leads a revolt in 69 CE. Troops proclaim as emperor Galba, governor of Spain and Galba defeats Windex and heads to Rome

Servius Sulpicius Galba

Governor of Spain who puts down Vindex's revolt and heads to Rome

a candidate for emperor, but gets assassinated in 69 at Rome by the Praetorian guard.

Marcus Salvius Otho

Senate and Praetorian Guard vote him imperial powers. Then there's a civil war between Otho and Vitellius, which Vitellius wins.

Aulus Vitellius

was emperor of Rome for only six months after winning civil war against Otho

Judaea

Titus Flavius Vespasianus (Vespasian)

civil war against Vitellius which Vespasian wins, making him the new emperor of rome

What do Vitellius, Vespasian, Otho, and Galba all have in common?

all proclaimed emperor by military legions and in the

provinces

How did Vespasian Successfully Establish a Ruling Dynasty?

• formal legal powers (conveyed by Senatorial decree and vote of the people)

• authority derived from military success

lex de imperio Vespasiani ("law concerning the power of Vespasian"),

December 69 CE

Law of 69/70 that conferred constitutional powers and privileges on Vespasian. It cites the precedent of the powers of previous emperors (though notably NOT Nero/other "bad" emperors like Otho), and resurrects the roles of the senate as the senate acknowledging and respecting the power of the princepts.

Imperator Caesar Augustus Vespasianus

Vespasian's official titulature

Arch of Titus

Advertisement of military victories, particularly the suppression of the Jewish revolt

Looks to core Roman ideals around military glory

Repackages suppression of a localized revolt into a major

conquest of foreign people

Flavian Amphitheater

center of public spectacle and entertainment. Built over Nero's (alleged) golden house. Another monument to the Flavians

Pliny the Younger

major source for info on Domitian.

wrote under Trajan.

Negative picture they produced was useful to Trajan, whom they wanted to please

As a result: it's extremely difficult to form independent judgment of Domitian OR Trajan

damnatio memoriae ("condemnation of memory"

The Roman decree condemning those who ran afoul of the Senate. Those who suffered damnatio memoriae had their memorials demolished and their names erased from public inscriptions.

Domitian is subjected to it when Nerva takes power

Maccabean Revolt

The Jewish uprising against the Syrians and their king, Antiochus Epiphanes, starting in 167 B.C.E., in protest against the forced imposition of Hellenistic culture and the proscription of Jewish practices such as circumcision.

Hasmoneans

An alternative name for the Maccabeans, the family of Jewish priests that began the revolt against Syria in 167 B.C.E and then ruled for a while

make peace/friendship with the Romans

John Hyrcanus II

reigned 63-40

Hyrcanus is buddies with Julius Caesar. there are decrees from Caesar that grant rights to Hyrcanus and the Jews

‣ funny titles. Ethnarcs! Lots of worries about Jewish culture. But they're also treated as kind of roman -- they'll be at gladiatorial games

Herod "the Great"

An Idumaean (south of Judaea)

Herod (and his father) were advisors to Hyrcanus II, which is maybe why the Romans picked him to rule next.

Herod gets all his legitimacy from the Romans

Herod is a public benefactor -- there is a monumental building program (Caesarea, fortresses at Masada, etc)

His building program is very modern!

issues with Herod: he keeps killing his family. he has a bad rep. seems bloodthirsty. even the Romans think he has a bad rep

rules from 37 BCE-4CE

Client King

Rome puts authority in a local ruler and controls indirectly through them. rather than direct control.

Pharisees

sect of Judaism

claim that they have the tradition of the fathers. lots of different claims about them though.

Sadducees

a jewish sect.

don't believe in the afterlife

Essenes

A group of pious, ultra conservative Jews who left the Temple of Jerusalem and began a community by the Dead Sea known as Qumran.

Qumran, Dead Sea Scrolls

info about the Essenes!

they are super weird. they have Hebrew texts as well as sectarian works (about community rules, rituals, etc)

were not published until recently!!

Parting of the Ways

The split between Judaism and Christianity was gradual and happened at different rates in different places. There is remarkably little agreement among scholars as to what precisely caused the rift and estimates vary about the date

Agrippa I

King of the Jews 41-44 CE

Last King of Judaea

Arch of Titus

Images of revolt/suppression. Titus puts these up as a triumph -- celebrating and commemorating the reconquest of a rebellious roman province (rather than a foreign one)

Fiscus Judaicus

½ shekel tax imposed on all jews to be paid to the temple of jupiter in rome

jews all over the world! the Romans hold all jews responsible, not just the ones involved int he revolt

Josephus

◦ 37-100 CE

◦ commander in Galilee during great revolt

◦ defects to Romans

◦ prolific author of Jewish history and apologetics

◦ gets a bad rep. betrays the jews!

◦ writes histories of the jews and explicitly is apologetic for them. in flavian Rome -- where it isn't super cool to be a jew

‣ his work gives us lots of valuable info!

Great Diaspora Revolt

◦ suppression -- brutal

◦ attempted extermination of jewish areas :(

‣ Trajan tries to do this in Egypt

◦ 3rd century. Cassius Dio reports Jews were still barred from cyprus

‣ even if driven onto the shores by storms they are supposed to be put to death

Aelia Capitolina

Roman colony, built under the emperor Hadrian on the site of Jerusalem.

Makes Jerusalem a Roman city, which the Jews are not happy about

Simon Bar Kosiba/Bar Kokhba

• Simon identifies himself as prince of Israel

◦ he's a messianic figure -- coming to save israel

‣ was this his self presentation? weak evidence

‣ evidence that he functions as a practical manager. he wrote business letters!

◦ if he's a messiah he's a very practical one

‣ revolt suppressed.

‣ jews expelled from Syria

Rabbinic Literature

OLD VIEW

- power moved to Rabbis (we know about them from Rabbinic literature)

‣ hodgepodge of legal discussions. stories about rabbis. etc.

‣ presented as scholars/judges/religious figures in galilee and jewish communities

‣ mention figure of patriarch

• hereditary office holder. leader of rabbis

‣ presents rabbis as leaders in Jewish societies. they're in charge of the jews by 135. if not by 70

‣ continuers of Pharisees

NEW VIEW

- no evidence for the old view other than rabbinic literature (which is biased. they're writing about themselves!)

‣ identiifiable forms of jewish expression disappears. after 3 failed revolts, most Jews are pretty done with public forms of judaism

‣ 3rd centuries, people start building monumental synagogues

‣ more people start engaging with Rabbis

‣ talmud starts to be produced -- becomes international!

patriarch (nasi)

A kind of national leadership based in Palestine that emerged in the 2nd or 3rd century CE

Patriarch is nasi in Hebrew

Claimed Davidic lineage, which elevated their status, they seem to have been wealthy and respected, and they had influence over Jews in Palestine and in the diaspora.

Their status in the eyes of the Roman government are debated by scholars and their powers seems to have been limited, restricted to internal communal matters

• optimus

Best

Name given to Trajan. incorporated into his imperator

• Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Optimus Augustus

Trajan's name. Includes optimus

• alimentary scheme

‣ financial scheme to pay for the cost of food for children in italy

‣ not charity. high status kids fed first. AND THEN less well off children

• feeding the poor is a christian thing. this is the roman way.

‣ showed his care for Italy and not just Rome

• Decebalus

King of Dacia

2 wars against him in 101-102 and 105-106. defeated by Trajan.

• Dacia

the Roman emperor Trajan extended Roman rule into this state

• Armenia

Another area that Trajan expanded into as emperor of Rome. Imperial Expansion.

• Mesopotamia

Another area that Trajan expanded into as emperor of Rome. Imperial Expansion

• Assyria

Another area that Trajan expanded into as emperor of Rome. imperial expansion

• Arabia

Another area that Trajan expanded into as emperor of Rome. imperial expansion

Obverse

side turned toward the observer; therefore, the front of a coin, medal, etc.

Reverse

back of a coin

Die

a tool used for shaping

A coin die is one of the two metallic pieces that are used to strike a coin, one per each side of the coin. A die contains an inverse version of the image to be struck on the coin.

Strike

strike a planchet into a coin

Numismatic

the study or collection of coins, paper currency, and medals.

Money

medium of exchange, measure of value, unit of account, store of wealth, means of payment

Coin

a piece of money made of metal which conforms to a standard and bears a design

doesn't have to be circular!!

Token

not money, not a coin. can be exchanged for something specific

Medal

an award for winning a championship or commemorating some other event

(?)

Denomination

The denomination is the name of the coin, like penny, nickel, dime, and quarter. The face value is how much money it's worth. The penny is worth one cent. The government decides each coin's value and everyone agrees to honor it.

Serration (not to be confused with seriation or milling)

edges manually cut into (textured)

meant to imitate serrated coins

Mint

a place where coins are made

Clipping and Shaving

early modern, premodern world.

shave edges of coin/clip to accrue precious metal. milling was meant to stop clipping/shaving

Intrinsic Value

Intrinsic Value or 'melt value' is the term used when referring to the value of a coin. For example, a 1 oz gold coin would take its intrinsic value from the amount of precious metal it contains based on current spot price.

Fiat Currency

Legal tender, especially paper currency, authorized by a government but not based on a gold standard or silver standard

Hellenistic

the culture and world of Greece after the death of Alexander the Great, populated by successor

kingdoms and distinctive aesthetics that were popular at Rome

erismv

a Republican art style of seemingly unflattering elite portraiture, emphasizing sternness, gravity, and

moral character

clementia

Caesarian value of "clemency," forgiveness for prior opposition to the new regime

sibylline oracles

books of ancient prophecy consulted by the state in times of crisis

maiestas

treason

augustus loved charging people with this

libelli

pamphlets

epic

a literary form marked at Rome by hexameter, lengthy narrative, and mythological/historical subject

matter

patronage/clientage

key element of Roman social relations between families or households, in which kinds

of service, honor, or loyalty were rewarded with kinds of support

recitatio

a reading of a work-in-progress by the author, to a small crowd of intimates and/or potential patrons