Ch 3 Org. and Functions of nervous system

autonomic division

controls smooth muscle, the glands, and the heart and other organs.

Forebrain

diencephalon and telencephalon

Diencephalon

hypothalamus and thalamus

Hypothalamus

Helps to coordinate your life functions; things you need to do to survive; feeding, sex, body rhytham

Thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

Telencephalon

limbic system, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex

devisions of the nervous system

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Somatic division

includes motor neurons that operate skeletal muscle

superior colliculus

vision, very quick eye movement; fight or flight

inferior colliculus

hearing, localize sound; fight or flight

tectum

superior and inferior colliculi

Tegmentum

a part of the midbrain that is involved in movement and arousal

limbic system

helps form memories; processes every emotion you have; smell is the strongest memory holder, goes through this; expression and emotion; largest subcortical system

basal ganglia

largest subcortical system; tucked in closer to thalamus; controls things like start and stop of movement, controls tremor; turrets, ocd

cerebral cortex

four lobes of the brain

substantia nigra

An area of the midbrain that is involved in motor control and contains a large concentration of dopamine-producing neurons

what is the Limbic system structures

Cingulate cortex, fornix, hippocampus, amygdala, mammillary body, septum

What are the structures of the Basal Ganglia system

globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, putamen

Lobes of the brain

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

The Fissures

central fissure, lateral fissure, longitudinal fissure

left brain

very good at remembering details; language

right brain

seeing things in a global way

gyrus (gyri)

A ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface.

sulcus (sulci)

narrow groove of brain

Fissure

a long, deep sulcus

central fissure

Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

lateral fissure

runs on top of temperal lobe

longitudinal fissure

separates left hemisphere from right hemisphere

frontal lobes

primary motor cortex, brocas area, primary olfactory cortex

Phineas Gage

railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality and behavior; case played a role in the development of the understanding of the localization of brain function

prefrontal cortex

involved in decision making; attention; working memory; consequences of your actions; social norms; personality

frontal lobotomy

a surgical procedure in which a large portion of the frontal lobe is separated from the rest of the brain

leucotome

lobotomy utensile

sympathetic division

activates the body to respond to demands such as emotional stress and physical emergencies (fight or flight)

parasympathetic division

slows the activity of most organs to conserve energy; activates digestion to renew energy

neuron

a single neural cell found in the central nervous system

tracts

bundles of axons that run together in the peripheral nervous system

Nerve

same as a tract except it is located in the peripheral nervous system

Nucleus

cluster of neuronal cell bodies

Ganglion

same as a nucleus but within the PNS

What protects the brain

CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, skull, blood-brain barrier, three meninges

The three meninges

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

directional terms

superior, anterior, posterior, inferior, lateral, medial

Ventricular system

2 lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle

four stages of brain development

cell proliferation, migration, circuit formation, circuit pruning

cell proliferation

neurons divide and multiply at the rate of 250,000 new cells a minute

migration

physical guidance (radial glial cells) and chemical attraction

circuit formation

axons of neuron grow toward target cells and form functional connections

circuit pruning

elimination of excess neurons and synapses

Brain divisions slide

LOOK AT IT

Hindbrain

myelencephalon and metencephalon

medulla and reticular formation

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

pons and reticular formation

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

primary motor cortex

the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement

Broca's area

ability to speak; translating thoughts into words

primary olfactory cortex

base of frontal lobe; smell; covid side effect

parietal lobes

primary somatosensory cortex, primary gustatory cortex

primary somatosensory cortex

sense of touch

primary gustatory cortex

to taste

phantom limb

when you lose a limb and that area is still represented in brain; in somatosensory

temporal lobe

primary auditory cortex, wernicks area

primary auditory cortex

hearing

Wenicke's area

understanding speech

occipital lobe

primary visual cortex

primary visual cortex

what you can see

association cortices

area that combine information from two or more senses

neglect

damage to the association area in the right parietal lobe

visual agnosia

damage association area in the temporal lobe; you can not put your sight together with memory of the sight, can not id things with just sight; damage both sides

spatial navagation

happens in Right parietal lobe; helps you navigate space

spatial neglect

stroke in right hemisphere is responsible

Prosopagnosia

not being able to recognize faces by sight regardless of how well you know them

Plasticity

involves brains ability to change itself after damage has been done; factors that impact this: age, general health

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them; if cut you'll have two brains in head that cant talk to each other

split brain patients

people whose corpus callosum has been surgically severed