abpsy midterm

delusions

are beliefs that are not generally held by other members of a society.

delusional disorder

• a persistent belief that is contrary to reality, in the absence of other characteristics of schizophrenia.

• characterized by a persistent delusion that is not the result of an organic factor such as brain seizures or of any severe psychosis.

erotomanic type

the central theme of the delusion is that another person is in love with the individual.

• assuming that your crush loves you

grandiose type

the central theme of the delusion is the conviction of having some great (but unrecognized) talent or insight or having made some important discovery.

• overconfidence disorder

jealous type

the central theme of the individual’s delusion is that his or her spouse or lover is unfaithful.

persecutory type

the central theme of the delusion involves the individual’s belief that he or she is being conspired against, cheated, spied on, followed, poisoned or drugged, maliciously maligned, harassed,

somatic

the central theme of the delusion involves bodily functions or sensations.

criterion A, delusional disorder

criterion for delusional disorder; The presence of one (or more) delusions with a duration of 1 month or longer.

• person must have at least one firm, false belief that lasts for at least 30 days.

criterion B, delusional disorder

criterion for delusional disorder; Criterion A for schizophrenia has never been met

• Hallucinations, if present, are not prominent and are related to the delusional theme

• If you have Schizophrenia, you don’t have "Delusional Disorder."

• people with this disorder don't hear voices or see things.

• If they do have a physical sensation, it must perfectly match their delusion

criterion C, delusional disorder

criterion for delusional disorder; Apart from the impact of the delusion(s) or its ramifications, functioning is not markedly impaired, and behavior is not obviously bizarre or odd.

• The person "functions" well.

• Their behavior isn't wild or chaotic.

• The only time they seem "impaired" is when they are acting on the delusion itself

criterion D, delusional disorder

criterion for delusional disorder; If manic or major depressive episodes have occurred, these have been brief relative to the duration of the delusional periods.

• the delusion must exist even when the person's mood is totally stable.

antipsychotics

treatment for delusional disorder; These are the primary treatment, working by altering dopamine/serotonin neurotransmitters in the brain.

cognitive behavioral therapy

treatment for delusional disorder; Helps patients identify and challenge delusional thought patterns, reducing their impact.

brief psychotic disorder

a disturbance that involves at least one of the following positive psychotic symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or grossly abnormal psychomotor behavior, including catatonia.

An episode of the disturbance lasts at least 1 day but less than 1 month, and the individual eventually has a full return to the premorbid level of functioning

• a quick break from reality where at least one major "positive" symptom (something added to your behavior) appears out of nowhere.

• usually loud, obvious, and very disruptive.

criterion B, brief psychotic disorder

criterion for brief psychotic disorder; Duration of an episode of the disturbance is at least 1 day but less than 1 month, with eventual full return to premorbid level of functioning.

• It must last at least 24 hours but less than 30 days.

• The person must return 100% to their old self. There are no lingering symptoms or changes in personality once it's over.

criterion C, brief psychotic disorder

criterion for brief psychotic disorder; The disturbance is not better explained by major depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features or another psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia or catatonia, and is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance

• "It’s not something else."

• It can't be caused by drugs

• It can't be caused by a physical illness,

• if the person was already deeply depressed or has a long history of Schizophrenia, the "brief" diagnosis doesn't apply.

with marked stressor

specify the brief psychotic disorder if; symptoms occur in response to events that, singly or together, would be markedly stressful to almost anyone in similar circumstances in the individual’s culture.

• The brain "snapped" because of a huge external shock happenings

• if the event has to be objectively terrible—something that would cause extreme distress to anyone

without marked stressor

specify the brief psychotic disorder if; symptoms do not occur in response to events that, singly or together, would be markedly stressful to almost anyone in similar circumstances in the individual’s culture.

• The "snap" happened for no clear reason.

• Their daily life was relatively "normal" before the symptoms started.

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schizophrenia

a disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, emotion, and behavior—disordered thinking, in which ideas are not logically related; faulty perception and attention; a lack of emotional expressiveness or, at times, inappropriate expressions; and disturbances in movement and behavior, such as a disheveled appearance.

• The mind loses its ability to stay "organized."

criterion A, schizophrenia

criteria for schizophrenia; Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant

portion of time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated).

At least one of these must be (1), (2), or (3):

1. Delusions.

2. Hallucinations.

3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence).

4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior.

5. Negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression or

avolition).

criterion B, schizophrenia

criteria for schizophrenia; For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, level of functioning in one or more major areas, such as work, interpersonal relations, or self-care, is markedly below the level achieved prior to the onset

• The illness causes a major "drop-off" in ability.

• Since the symptoms started, the person is doing much worse in any aspect of life (in school, job, socializing with friends)

criterion C, schizophrenia

criteria for schizophrenia; Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6 months. This 6-month period must include at least 1 month of symptoms that meet Criterion A and may include periods of prodromal or residual symptoms.

• The brain issues must last at least 6 months.
  

• Out of those 6 months, at least one full month must involve the 5 symptoms of schizophrenia
  

• The other 5 months don't have to be full-blown "crisis" mode.
  

• “having "odd" but not quite "delusional" thoughts, or acting slightly strange”

criterion D, schizophrenia

criteria for schizophrenia; Schizoaffective disorder and depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features have been ruled out because either 1)

no major depressive or manic episodes have occurred concurrently with the active-phase symptoms, or 2)

if mood episodes have occurred during active-phase symptoms, they have been present for a minority of the total duration of the active and residual periods of the illness.

• Schizophrenia is the "main character," and mood swings are just "side stories."
  

• If someone has hallucinations only when they are deeply depressed, they don't have Schizophrenia—they have Depression with Psychosis.
  

• Even if the person does get depressed or manic, those "mood episodes" must last for a much shorter time than the overall illness.

criterion E, schizophrenia

criteria for schizophrenia; The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition.

criterion A, manic episode

criteria for manic episode; A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week and present most of the day, nearly every day

• lasting 7 days in a row

• It’s not just a "good day." It is a noticeable, extreme change in how a person feels and acts.
  

• They might feel "on top of the world" (elevated), overly friendly and talkative (expansive), or extremely "snappy" and angry (irritable).
  

• they are physically driven. FULLCHARGE

criterion B, manic episode

criteria for manic episode; During the period of mood disturbance and increased energy or activity, three (or more) of the following symptoms (four if the mood is only irritable) are present to a significant degree and represent a noticeable change from usual behavior

1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity. Feeling invincible or like a "genius”

2. Decreased need for sleep. Feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep

3. More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking. Talking so fast others can't interrupt, or feeling a "pressure" to keep speaking.

4. Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing. Ideas jumping from one thing to another

5. Distractibility, as reported or observed. Getting pulled away by every little sound or movement

6. Increase in goal-directed activity. Starting 10 new projects at once, or pacing around because they can't sit still

7. Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences. Doing things that feel good now but hurt later

criterion C, manic episode

criteria for manic episode; The mood disturbance is sufficiently severe to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to necessitate hospitalization to prevent harm to self or others, or there are psychotic features.

• The behavior is so extreme that it breaks your normal life.
  

• If the person starts seeing things, hearing voices, or having total delusions it, automatically counts as a full Manic Episode.

criterion A, hypomanic episode

criteria for hypomanic episode; A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy, lasting at least 4 consecutive days and present most of the day, nearly every day.

criterion B, hypomanic episode

criteria for hypomanic episode; During the period of mood disturbance and increased energy and activity, three (or more) of the following symptoms (four if the mood is only irritable) have persisted, represent a noticeable change from usual behavior, and have been present to a significant degree:

1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.

2. Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep).

3. More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking.

4. Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing.

5. Distractibility

6. Increase in goal-directed activity

7. Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful

   consequences

criterion C, hypomanic episode

criteria for hypomanic episode; The episode is associated with an unequivocal change in functioning that is uncharacteristic of the individual when not symptomatic.

• The person is acting in a way that is clearly different from their normal, everyday self.

• They have to be uncharacteristically high-energy (e.g., a quiet person suddenly becoming the life of every party).

criterion D, hypomanic episode

criteria for hypomanic episode; The disturbance in mood and the change in functioning are observable by others.

criterion E, hypomanic episode

criteria for hypomanic episode; The episode is not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to necessitate hospitalization. If there are psychotic features, the episode is, by definition, manic.

• Hypomanic never includes a break from reality.
  

• You can still show up to work, hold a conversation, and handle your responsibilities. You might be a bit intense, but your life isn't falling apart.

criterion A, major depressive episode

criteria for major depressive episode; Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2- week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either

subjective report or observation made by others. Feeling empty, hopeless, or "down" almost all day, every day.

2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day. Losing interest in everything you used to love

3. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain. Gaining or losing weight without trying

4. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day.

5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day. Feeling "heavy" and slow like you're moving through mud, or being so restless you can't sit still.

6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day.

7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt

8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day

9. Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide.

criterion B, major depressive episode

criteria for major depressive episode; The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

• They are causing problems to your life
  

• You feel so miserable, overwhelmed, or "empty" that you can't just "shake it off.".
  

• You’ve stopped hanging out with friends
  

• You might be struggling with the small stuffs

criterion A, bipolar i

criteria for bipolar l; Criteria have been met for at least one manic episode

criterion B, bipolar i

criteria for bipolar l Criteria; At least one manic episode is not better explained by schizoaffective disorder and is not superimposed on schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder.

• the mania has to be the primary event, not a "symptom" of a different, pre-existing psychotic illness.

criterion A, bipolar ii

criteria for bipolar ii; Criteria have been met for at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode

criterion B, bipolar ii

criteria for bipolar ii; There has never been a manic episode before.

criterion C, bipolar ii

criteria for bipolar ii; At least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode are not better explained by schizoaffective disorder and are not superimposed on schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder.

• You must have felt both extremes at different points in your life, the highs and lows

• If the person has had constant delusions or hallucinations for years, the mood swings might just be "layered on top" of that psychotic disorder

criterion D, bipolar ii

criteria for bipolar ii; The symptoms of depression or the unpredictability caused by frequent alternation between periods of depression and hypomania causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

• Switching back and forth between "High Energy" and "Total Exhaustion" makes it impossible to keep a steady routine. (uncontrollable)

• The person feels like they are on a roller coaster they can't stop. This causes deep mental pain and makes it hard to plan for the future.

criterion A, cyclothymic disorder

criteria for cyclothymic disorder; For at least 2 years (at least 1 year in children and adolescents) there have been numerous periods with hypomanic symptoms that do not meet criteria for a hypomanic episode and numerous periods with depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for a major depressive episode.

• You have frequent "ups" and "downs," but they never quite reach the full "High" (Hypomania) or the full "Low" (Major Depression).

• This isn't a phase. For adults, these "mini-waves" must last for at least 2 years (1 year for kids).

criterion B, cyclothymic disorder

criteria for cyclothymic disorder; During the above 2-year period (1 year in children and adolescents), Criterion A symptoms have been present for at least half the time and the individual has not been without the symptoms for more than 2 months at a time.

• Must be your dominant state for two years.

• If you added up all the days you felt "mini-highs" or "mini-lows" over those two years, they must total at least one full year

• If your mood stabilizes and stays level for more than 2 months in a row, it breaks the streak, and it might not be Cyclothymia.

criterion C, cyclothymic disorder

criteria for cyclothymic disorder; Criteria for a major depressive, manic, or hypomanic episode have never been met.

criterion D, cyclothymic disorder

criteria for cyclothymic disorder; The symptoms in Criterion A are not better explained by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder

• Cyclothymia is about mood swings. If the person’s main problem is seeing things, hearing voices, or having deep delusions, it’s not Cyclothymia.
  

• There shouldn't be long periods of hallucinations or delusions driving the behavior.