Psychosocial and Cognitive Development ch 9

This set of flashcards covers key terms and concepts related to psychosocial and cognitive development as discussed in the lecture notes.

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

A theory proposing that personality develops through a series of psychosocial crises across eight stages from birth to old age.

Trust vs. Mistrust

The stage of development from birth to 18 months where the infant learns to view others and themselves as trustworthy or distrustful based on caregiver responsiveness.

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

The stage between 1.5 to 3 years where children develop self-reliance and confidence, or doubt their abilities based on parenting styles.

Initiative vs. Guilt

The stage from 3 to 5 years where children initiate activities and learn to believe in their goals, or develop feelings of self-doubt and guilt.

Industry vs. Inferiority

The stage from 6 to 11 years where children learn productivity and acceptance of evaluation, or feel inferior if they fail.

Identity vs. Identity Confusion

The stage during adolescence characterized by an identity crisis where individuals experiment with social roles and attempt to develop a cohesive identity.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

The stage during late adolescence to early adulthood where individuals learn to form deep relationships, risking isolation if they fail.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

The stage of middle adulthood focusing on contributing to the next generation versus self-absorption.

Integrity vs. Despair

The stage in late adulthood where individuals reflect on their lives, feeling either satisfaction or regret.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

A theory outlining how children's cognitive abilities develop through four stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The range of tasks a child can perform with guidance versus those they can achieve independently, emphasizing the role of social interaction in learning.

Egocentrism

In child development, the tendency to perceive situations solely from one's own perspective.

Imaginary Audience

The belief held by adolescents that they are the focus of everyone else's attention.

Personal Fable

An adolescent's belief in their unique experiences and invulnerability, often leading to risk-taking behaviors.

Emerging Adulthood

A developmental period from ages 18 to 29 characterized by transitions into adult roles and responsibilities.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to reason and solve new problems independently of previously acquired knowledge, which tends to decline with age.

Crystallized Intelligence

The accumulated knowledge and verbal skills that remain stable or increase with age.

Morality

A system of beliefs regarding right and wrong that informs ethical behavior.

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning

A theory that categorizes moral development into three levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.