Religion Section 2 Part 2

Test Date: Thursday January 5th, 2023

Eremetic Monks

Completely alone; hermits; separation to serve Christ through prayer

St. Anthony the Great

Who is the most well known eremetic monk?

Cenobitic Monks

Living alone with a community of people

Pachomius\`

Founded the first cenobitic order

St. Basil the Great

Founder of Eastern Monasticism

St. Benedict

Founder of Western Monasticism

Scholastica

St. Benedict’s twin sister; founded a school of nuns

What vows do monks take?

Chastity, poverty, and obedience

Ora et Labora

Prayer and Work said by St. Benedict (his motto)

Moderation & flexibility in all things

St. Benedict’s rule

Monastery

Complete, self-sustaining economic unit

Islam

Submission

Quran

Islamic Holy Book

Muhammed

Founder of Islam

Born in Mecca

Migrated to Medina

Hijra

Islamic word for migration

Year 1 in the Muslim calendar

How did Muhammed start to spread Islam?

He formed an army in Medina and brought them back to Mecca to convert them.

Where did Islam spread first?

Iraq & Persia (modern-day Iran)

Where did Islam spread second?

North Africa

Where did Islam spread third?

West to Spain

Stopped by Charles Martel from going further after the Battle of Tours

Where did Islam spread fourth?

East to Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, and Damascus

How did they get people to convert Islam?

There were no forced conversions

Taxes for Christians and Jews

Excluded from government

Unfair rights

Lost the right to carry weapons

Charles Martel

Prevented Muslim expansion into Gaul & Europe

Pepin the Short

Became King of the Franks by seizing the throne

Pope Zachary dictated St. Bonafus to crown Pepin

Gave the Pope the papal states (Italy boot) aka Donation of Pepin

Helped with the Lombards

Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

\-Great with military

\-Devoted to Christianity & the Church

\-Was initially title “Protector of the Papacy”

\-He proceeded to unite most of Europe

\-Then he is named “Holy Roman Emperor”

\-His dynasty is the Carolingian dynasty

\-He was a big supporter of the arts & education

What did Charlemagne’s sons do when they assumed the throne?

They split Europe up again. Thus making them vulnerable to Viking invasions.

Henry IV

Was heavily feuding with Gregory VII

Feudalism

A system of contracts among groups of people to make productive use of the land while offering protection for those who work it

Oath of Fielty

Oath before God that bound those who took it to loyalty to the lord or king

Chrisendom

2 words put together, Christianity & Kingdom

Laws of the Church are the laws of the land

St. Gregory VII

Gregorian Reforms

Contributed to art and moral life of clergy

Revised divine official (Liturgy of the Hours)

Instituted the Truce of God during religious celebration

Monastery at Cluney

\-Answerable ONLY to the pope

Abbott can only be appointed by the monks

Lay Investiture

Civil authority appointed religious officials

Pope Nicholas II

Papal Bowl 1059: only cardinals can elect a new pope

Dictatus Papae: only pope can appoint or move a bishop; can dispose a holy roman emperor or leader

How did Pope Nicholas go about plaguing?

1st: Lay Investiture

2nd: Nepotism (relatives in political positions)

3rd: Simony (buying and selling of sacred items)

4th: Clerical Concubinage (priests had mistresses)

What did Henry IV do to Pope Nicholas II?

Henry broke the Pope’s law and removed him from his position

Concordat of Worms

United church & state in deciding how to appoint bishops and abbots in the empire.