A&P II Midterm

Plasma proteins in capillaries help to

-maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood.
-decrease the osmotic pressure of the blood.
-maintain the hydrostatic pressure of the blood.
-decrease the hydrostatic pressure of the blood.
-none of the above.

maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood.

Sympathetic stimulation increases

-end-diastolic volume.
-stroke volume.
-end-systolic volume.
-cardiac output.
-none of the above.

stroke volume

Small areas of the myocardium contracting chaotically is called

-ventriculation.
-fibrillation.
-bradycardia.
-tachycardia.
-myocardial infarction.

fibrillation

Listening with a stethoscope just to the right near the tip of the sternum, sounds come most distinctly from the

-aortic valve.
-tricuspid valve.
-pulmonary valve.
-mitral valve.
-venular valve.

tricuspid valve

Because net inward pressure in venular capillary ends is less than net outward pressure at the arteriolar ends of capillaries

-more fluid flows into the capillaries than moves out.
-the lymphatic vessels push fluid into the capillaries.
-the pressure in the venules increases.
-more fluid leaves the capillaries than returns.
-none of the above occurs.

more fluid leaves the capillaries than returns

A left ventricular assist device

-can replace a heart permanently.
-can substitute for the atria.
-can maintain cardiac function until a donor heart becomes available.
-is used in people who have less than a month to live and are not candidates for a heart transplant.
-is routinely used in people who have had heart attacks.

can maintain cardiac function until a donor heart becomes available.

The mechanism that ensures the volume of blood discharged from the heart is equal to the volume entering its chambers is \______ law of the heart.

-Boyle's
-Frank-Starling's
-Dalton's
-Newton's
-Copernicus'

Frank-Starling's

Which of the following gases does endothelium release?

-Nitric oxide
-Oxygen
-Nitrogen
-Methane
-Nitrous oxide

Nitric oxide

The effect on the heart of excess potassium ion concentration usually is

-increased rate and increased force of contraction.
-decreased rate and increased force of contraction.
-decreased rate and decreased force of contraction.
-increased rate and decreased force of contraction.
-cessation of the heartbeat.

decreased rate and decreased force of contraction.

Which of the following might serve as a secondary pacemaker for the heart?

-AV node
-Purkinje fibers
-Both AV node and Purkinje fibers
-Neither AV node nor Purkinje fibers
-The tricuspid valve.

Both AV node and Purkinje fibers

Which of the following waves of an ECG pattern is/are correctly described?

-P wave-depolarization of atria
-QRS complex-repolarization of ventricles
-T wave-depolarization of ventricles
-QRST complex-depolarization of ventricles
-all of the above

P wave- depolarization of atria

Bruce has colorectal cancer that has spread to his lymphatic system. He is given a drug that is an angiogenesis inhibitor. The drug works by

-stimulating new blood vessels to serve tissue damaged by the cancer.
-starving tumors by cutting off their blood supplies.
-halting cell division only in tumor cells.
-cutting off the supply of ATP to cancer cells.
-rerouting blood vessels to overwhelm and strangle the tumor.

starving tumors by cutting off their blood supplies.

When the ventricular walls contract,

-the mitral valve opens and the tricuspid valve closes.
-the tricuspid valve opens and the mitral valve closes.
-the mitral and tricuspid valves close.
-the mitral and tricuspid valves open.
-the aortic and pulmonary valves close.

the mitral and tricuspid valves close

The blood pressure in the large systemic arteries is greatest during

-atrial systole.
-ventricular systole.
-ventricular diastole.
-atrial diastole.
-ventricular relaxation.

ventricular systole.

When venous pressure is too low, \____________ stimulate smooth muscles in the walls of veins to contract.

-parasympathetic reflexes
-sympathetic reflexes
-somatic reflexes
-carbon dioxide levels
-none of the above.

sympathetic reflexes

Marjorie suffers from phlebitis. She has

-inflammation of her veins.
-too much phlegm in her throat.
-extra capillaries in her legs.
-inflammation of her arteries.
-inflammation of capillaries.

inflammation of her veins.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of parts through which blood moves from the vena cava to the lungs?

-Right atrium, pulmonary valve, right ventricle, tricuspid valve
-Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve
-Tricuspid valve, right atrium, pulmonary valve, right ventricle
-Pulmonary valve, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle
-Right ventricle, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve

In an ECG pattern, the P wave is caused by

-polarization of atrial muscle fibers.
-polarization of ventricular muscle fibers.
-depolarization of atrial muscle fibers.
-depolarization of ventricular muscle fibers.
-none of the above.

depolarization of atrial muscle fibers.

Impulses that the vagus nerve carries to the heart

-are parasympathetic and increase heart rate.
-are parasympathetic and decrease heart rate.
-are sympathetic and increase heart rate.
-are sympathetic and decrease heart rate.
-do not affect heart rate.

are parasympathetic and decrease heart rate.

The pulmonary trunk divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries about \__ centimeters above its origin.

5
8
10
12
30

5

Which of the following is most life threatening?

-Atrial flutter
-Ventricular flutter
-Atrial fibrillation
-Ventricular fibrillation
-Tachycardia

Ventricular fibrillation

Which of the following is not a factor that increases risk of developing atherosclerosis?

-A diet high in unsaturated fats
-High blood pressure
-Lack of physical exercise
-Obesity
-Low blood pressure

Low blood pressure

When a person's pulse is taken by palpation near the thumb on the wrist, which artery is felt?

-Brachial artery
-Ulnar artery
-Radial artery
-Palmar arch arteries
-Lumbar artery

Radial artery

The skeleton of the heart consists of

-bone within the myocardium.
-bone within the interatrial septum.
-fibrous connective tissue in the endocardium.
-fibrous connective tissue encircling the atrioventricular orifices.
-connective tissue and adipose tissue.

fibrous connective tissue encircling the atrioventricular orifices.

Which of the following correctly matches the valve to its function?

-Tricuspid valve-permits one-way blood flow from the right to the left atrium
-Pulmonary valve-permits one-way blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta
-Mitral valve-permits one-way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
-Aortic valve-permits one-way blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk
-Ventricular valve-permits two way blood flow, depending upon needs.

Mitral valve-permits one-way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to \____, and enter the venule end of a capillary due to \______.

-hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; active transport being greater than osmotic pressure
-osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure; hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure
-hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure
-osmosis; active transport
-none of the above

hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following is due to an aging cardiovascular system?

-The tunica interna thickens
-The direction of blood flow in some capillaries reverses.
-Arteries become less rigid.
-Veins lose collagen.
-All of the above.

The tunica interna thickens

Circulation is vital because it

-supplies oxygen and nutrients to and removes wastes from tissues.
-keeps the heart pumping.
-delivers carbon dioxide to tissues and removes excess oxygen.
-keeps the blood vessels supple.
-inflates the lungs.

supplies oxygen and nutrients to and removes wastes from tissues.

Which of the following is true about the heart?

-The apex end points downward at about the 5th intercostal space.
-The heart is located lateral to the lungs.
-The average adult heart is about 8 cm long and 5 cm wide.
-The base of the heart lies beneath the fourth rib.
-Its wall has four layers.

The apex end points downward at about the 5th intercostal space.

The systemic circuit

-sends deoxygenated blood to the heart
-brings oxygenated blood from the tissues
-sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs
-sends oxygenated blood to the tissues
-none of the above.

sends oxygenated blood to the tissues

Cells of the conducting system in the heart are more sensitive to which ion?

-Sodium
-Iron
-Potassium
-Chloride
-Lithium

Potassium

Which of the following is not a normal response to physical exercise?

-Increased heart rate
-Increased ventricular contraction
-Increased blood flow to the skeletal muscles
-Increased blood flow to the abdominal viscera
-Maintenance of blood flow to the kidneys and brain

Increased blood flow to the abdominal viscera

Which of the following supplies blood to parts of the intestinal tract?

-Phrenic arteries
-Superior mesenteric artery
-Lumbar artery
-Middle sacral artery
-Brachiocephalic artery

Superior mesenteric artery

In an ECG pattern, the PQ interval indicates how long it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the

-SA node to the atrial muscle fibers.
-SA node to the Purkinje fibers.
-AV node to the atrial muscle fibers.
-AV node to the ventricular muscle fibers.
-SA node through the AV node.

SA node through the AV node.

In an ECG pattern, the T wave is caused by

-polarization of atrial muscle fibers.
-repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers.
-depolarization of atrial muscle fibers.
-depolarization of ventricular muscle fibers.
-defibrillation.

repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers.

The right atrium receives blood directly from

-the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava only.
-the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
-the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and pulmonary veins.
-the aorta.
-the pulmonary veins.

the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.

The external carotid arteries branch to structures in the

-scalp.
-face.
-jaw.
-base of the skull.
-all of the above.

all of the above.

Arterial systolic pressure is most closely associated with

-atrial contraction.
-ventricular contraction.
-atrial relaxation.
-ventricular relaxation.
-aortic relaxation.

ventricular contraction.

A sphygmomanometer measures

-clotting time.
-the white blood cell differential.
-hematocrit.
-brain function.
-blood pressure.

blood pressure.

The heart pumps about \____ liters of blood a day and contracts about \_____ times in a lifetime.

-1,000 liters; 1 billion
-1,200 liters; 2 billion
-3,000 liters; 2 billion
-7,000 liters; 2.5 billion
-8,256 liters; 3 billion

7,000 liters; 2.5 billion

In mitral valve prolapse, the mitral valve

-is missing as a result of abnormal development.
-has an extra cusp.
-bulges into the left atrium during ventricular relaxation.
-bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.
-shreds.

bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.

Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by

-increasing peripheral resistance.
-releasing renin.
-inhibiting the release of aldosterone.
-promoting the excretion of sodium.
-releasing testosterone.

increasing peripheral resistance.

Factors that increase heart rate and blood pressure include

-emotional responses.
-exercise
-increase in body temperature.
-epinephrine secretion.
-all of the above.

all of the above

Tim runs 5 to 8 miles a day. He has an enlarged heart and low heart rate and blood pressure. He most likely has

-coronary artery disease.
-an arrhythmia.
-a very healthy cardiovascular system.
-Marfan syndrome.
-atherosclerosis.

a very healthy cardiovascular system

Which of the following is not a branch of the aorta?

-Right coronary artery
-Pulmonary artery
-Brachiocephalic artery
-Left subclavian artery
-Left common carotid artery

Pulmonary artery

Pulse pressure is calculated by

-adding systolic and diastolic pressures.
-multiplying systolic and diastolic pressures.
-subtracting systolic pressure from diastolic pressure.
-subtracting diastolic pressure from systolic pressure.
-dividing diastolic pressure by systolic pressure.

subtracting diastolic pressure from systolic pressure.

Sudden cardiac arrest can result from

-an artery blocked with plaque.
-scar tissue from a previous heart attack.
-accelerated heart rate.
-an irregular heartbeat.
-all of the above.

all of the above.

Astronauts returning to earth feel unsteady because

-blood volume dropped during prolonged
exposure to microgravity so blood pressure is too low back on earth.
-blood volume rose during prolonged exposure to microgravity so blood pressure is too low back on earth.
-blood volume dropped during prolonged exposure to microgravity so blood pressure is too high back on earth.
-blood volume rose during prolonged exposure to microgravity so blood pressure is too high back on earth.
-the body adapted to a faster heart rate in microgravity and on earth it suddenly slows.

blood volume dropped during prolonged exposure to microgravity so blood pressure is too low back on earth.

In the arterial disease atherosclerosis

-plaque accumulates on the interior walls of arteries.
-blood flow through affected arteries slows.
-risk of a thrombus or embolus forming increases.
-arteriosclerosis may develop.
-all of the above may happen.

all of the above may happen.

Which of the following layers of the heart and their functions are correctly matched?

-Epicardium-protective inner lining of the heart chambers and valves
-Myocardium-muscular contractions that force blood out of the heart
-Endocardium-protective outer covering
-Exocardium-protection of the pericardium.
-none of the above

Myocardium-muscular contractions that force blood out of the heart

Blood flow to the right side of the heart muscle decreases due to constriction of the \_____, and decreased blood flow to the heart tissue can result in \_____.

-left coronary artery; mitral valve prolapse
-right pulmonary artery; endocarditis
-right coronary artery; ischemia
-left coronary vein; myocardial infarction
-none of the above

right coronary artery; ischemia

Which type of blood vessel holds the greatest volume of blood?

-Artery
-Arteriole
-Capillary
-Vein
-Heart vessel

Vein

A person warming up after being cold feels a warm rush as blood flows quickly to the peripheral appendages. Nitric oxide is important in this situation because it

-raises blood pressure.
-raises blood temperature.
-relaxes the smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall.
-enhances gas exchange.
-all of the above.

relaxes the smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall.

Which of the following helps return blood to the heart?

-Positive intrathoracic pressure
-Valves in the arteries
-Contracting skeletal muscles
-Capillary action
-None of the above

Contracting skeletal muscles

Once cells in the SA node reach threshold,

-an action potential is triggered.
-a heart attack occurs.
-nothing happens until the AV node is innervated.
-the heart stops beating.
-the pacemaker is deactivated.

an action potential is triggered.

Blood from the face and scalp is drained by the

-external jugular vein.
-subclavian vein.
-inferior vena cava.
-cephalic vein.
-superior vena cava.

external jugular vein.

Atrial natriuretic factor is a peptide hormone that

-is released from certain muscle cells of the heart.
-inhibits the release of renin from kidney cells.
-inhibits the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
-lowers blood pressure.
-all of the above

all of the above

The celiac artery provides blood to the

-diaphragm.
-large intestine.
-liver and spleen.
-adrenal glands.
-gonads.

liver and spleen.

Heart rate in a fetus is about \____, in a newborn about \_____, and in an adult about \___.

-145; 140; 70
-70; 140; 145
-100; 100; 100
-200; 160; 120
-120; 100; 80

145; 140; 70

When smooth muscles in the walls of the veins are stimulated to contract

-blood flow slows.
-blood flow speeds up.
-blood pressure decreases.
-blood pressure increases.
-heart rate decreases.

blood pressure increases.

The radial and ulnar veins merge to form the \_______ vein.

-jugular
-azygos
-brachial
-cephalic
-axillary

brachial

The pain of angina pectoris comes from a blockage in an artery that supplies the

-left arm and shoulder.
-neck and jaw.
-heart.
-sternum.
-legs.

heart.

The structures that contain chemoreceptors that detect blood concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen are

-aortic bodies.
-aortic sinuses.
-aortic arterioles.
-capillary buds.
-venules.

aortic bodies.

The inner lining of the heart is the

-epicardium.
-myocardium.
-endocardium.
-pericardium.
-exocardium.

endocardium.

The longest vein in the body is the

-superior vena cava.
-great saphenous vein.
-internal iliac vein.
-hepatic portal vein.
-aorta.

great saphenous vein.

The loose-fitting sac around the heart is the

-parietal pericardium.
-visceral pericardium.
-epicardium.
-endocardium.
-exocardium.

parietal pericardium.

Which artery is incorrectly matched to its location?

-Inferior mesenteric artery; colon and rectum
-Thyrocervical arteries; thymus.
-Celiac arteries; liver, spleen, and upper gastrointestinal tract
-Phrenic arteries; diaphragm
-Popliteal; behind the knee

Thyrocervical arteries; thymus.

Kidney disease can cause hypertension by

-activating the renin-angiotensin mechanism.
-stimulating the secretion of aldosterone
-increasing retention of sodium and water.
-narrowing the lumens of renal blood vessels.
-all of the above

all of the above

The correct sequence of parts that carry cardiac impulses is

-AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV bundle
-AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers, SA node
-SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, AV bundle
-SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers
-Purkinje fibers, SA node, AV node, AV bundle

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

An abnormally slow heart rate is termed

-tachycardia.
-bradycardia.
-fibrillation.
-cardioversion.
-lagocardia.

bradycardia.

The normal pacemaker of the heart is the

-Purkinje fibers.
-bundle of His.
-sinoatrial node.
-atrioventricular node.
-AV bundle.

sinoatrial node.

The pulmonary circuit

-sends deoxygenated blood to the heart.
-brings deoxygenated blood from the tissues.
-sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
-brings oxygenated blood to the tissues.
-none of the above.

sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Disease-causing agents are called
A. bugs.
B. germs.
C. pathogens.
D. antibodies.
E. enemies.

C. pathogens.

Fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces by
A. sweat
B. the circulatory system
C. the urinary system
D. the lymphatic system
E. breathing

D. the lymphatic system

The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n)
A. artery.
B. arteriole.
C. vein.
D. capillary.
E. metarteriole.

C. vein.

The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the
A. thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct. B. lumbar duct and left lymphatic duct. C. intestinal duct and left intercostal duct. D. bronchomediastinal duct and subclavian duct.
E. none of the above.

A. thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.

Foreign particles that are injected into the skin enter the lymphatic system
A. rapidly.
B. slowly.
C. not at all, because lymphatic valves prevent this.
D. not at all, because the skin lacks lymphatic capillaries.
E. only if they come from an insect sting.

A. rapidly.

After lymph leaves the collecting ducts, it enters \_____ and becomes part of the \______.
A. arteries; serum
B. lymphatics; spleen
C. veins; plasma
D. lymph nodes; lymphatic trunks E. capillaries; blood supply

C. veins; plasma

The formation of lymph increases as a result of
A. increasing osmotic pressure in blood capillaries.
B. increasing hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid.
C. decreasing volume of tissue fluid. D. decreasing protein concentration in tissue fluid.
E. increasing the numbers of white blood cells that leave the blood for the lymph

B. increasing hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid.

Lymph differs from plasma in that A. lymph has more protein than plasma. B. plasma has more protein than lymph. C. lymph has white blood cells, whereas plasma does not.
D. lymph is thin and plasma is viscous. E. lymph is clear and plasma is red.

B. plasma has more protein than lymph.

The primary functions of lymph include A. returning proteins to the tissue fluid. B. transporting foreign particles to the kidneys.
C. returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes.
D. carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide. E. none of the above.

C. returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes.

The functions of the lymphatic system do not include
A. returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream.
B. returning small proteins to the bloodstream.
C. transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle.
D. transporting the products of lipid digestion from the intestine to the liver. E. protecting the body against infection.

C. transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle.

Tissue fluid is \______ and lymph is \______.
A. forced out of lymph vessels; absorbed into lymph vessels
B. forced out of blood plasma; absorbed into blood capillaries
C. rich in proteins; rich in proteins and foreign particles
D. forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins; absorbed into lymph capillaries
E. clear; red

D. forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins; absorbed into lymph capillaries

The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the A. sinus.
B. capsule.
C. nodule.
D. hilum.
E. bleb.

D. hilum.

The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the
A. scalp and face.
B. upper limb and mammary gland. C. thoracic viscera.
D. abdominal viscera.
E. brain.

B. upper limb and mammary gland.

Lymph nodes are grouped throughout the body except in the
A. lungs.
B. central nervous system.
C. mesentery.
D. inguinal connective tissue.
E. axillary regions.

B. central nervous system.

The supratrochlear lymph nodes are located near the
A. hand.
B. wrist.
C. elbow.
D. axillary region.
E. shoulder

C. elbow.

A lymph node consists of
A. compartments that contain masses of lymphocytes and macrophages.
B. afferent vessels circulating lymph into the node on its convex surface.
C. efferent vessels circulating lymph out of the node at its hilum.
D. lymph nodules.
E. all of the above.

E. all of the above.

Cells in a lymph node that engulf and destroy damaged cells, foreign substances, and cellular debris are
A. macrophages.
B. lymphocytes.
C. mast cells.
D. cytokines.
E. all of the above.

A. macrophages.

Henry has a cut on his thigh that becomes infected. The lymph nodes in his \__________ enlarge.
A. cervical region
B. thoracic region
C. inguinal region
D. supratrochlear region
E. trophic region.

C. inguinal region

The spleen
A. is the largest lymphatic organ. B. contains nodules similar to lymphatic nodules.
C. contains many phagocytes.
D. looks like a large lymph node.
E. all of the above

E. all of the above

The spleen
A. consists of two lobes in the mediastinum.
B. resembles a large lymph node divided into lobules.
C. produces T lymphocytes.
D. produces B lymphocytes
E. none of the above

B. resembles a large lymph node divided into lobules.

T lymphocytes mature in the thymus in response to
A. cytokines.
B. antibodies.
C. interferon.
D. thymosins.
E. thymonucleins.

D. thymosins.

The tissues of the spleen are called
A. red and white pulp.
B. black and blue pulp.
C. frangible particles.
D. cellular and fibrous.
E. tonsils and Peyer's patches.

A. red and white pulp.

Innate defenses are
A. fast and non specific.
B. slow and non specific.
C. fast and specific.
D. slow and specific.
E. obtained by taking vaccines.

A. fast and non specific.

A virus differs from other pathogens in that it is
A. larger.
B. more dangerous.
C. not capable of reproduction outside a living cell.
D. multicellular.
E. more complex.

C. not capable of reproduction outside a living cell.

Inflammation is a response to
A. heat.
B. infection.
C. chemical exposure.
D. ultraviolet light.
E. all of the above.

E. all of the above.

The mononuclear phagocytic system includes
A. T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. B. monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.
C. basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils. D. mast cells and megakaryocytes. E. plasma cells and thymocytes.

B. monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.

Interferon is a group of hormonelike peptides that cells produce in response to A. chemical irritants.
B. viruses.
C. bacteria.
D. malarial parasites.
E. fungi.

B. viruses.

The most active phagocytic cells in circulating blood are
A. neutrophils and monocytes. B. neutrophils and macrophages. C. monocytes and macrophages. D. lymphocytes and monocytes.
E. mast cells and plasma cells.

A. neutrophils and monocytes.