Studied by 1 personGenome
Collection of the genetic information
Gene
Basic unit of genetic information; determines the inherited characteristics
Chromosomes
storage unit of genes
DNA
a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life.
Ribonucleic acid
RNA stands for:
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA stands for:
A sperm fertilizes an egg → zygote undergoes rapid cell division called cleavage → cleavage leads to formation of blastula → blastula undergoes gastrulation
Enumerate the step by step reproduction and development of animals
Larva
sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult
metamorphosis
larvas undergo what stage to become a juvenile
juvenile
resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature
Hox genes
these are a class of homeotic genes that provide positional information during animal embryonic development
true
TRUE OR FALSE: although the hox family of genes has been highly conserved, it can produce a wide diversity of animal morphology.
oxygenic photosynthesis
2.7 billion years ago, O2 began accumulating in the atmosphere. O2 is produced by which?
Eukaryotes
These organisms have a nuclear envelope, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and a cytoskeleton
Endosymbiont theory
The process of a prokaryotic cell gained entry to another prokaryotic cell that later on became a single organism.
Choanoflagellates
A group of protists that morphological and molecular evidence points to as the closest living relatives to animals
Molecular analysis
This revealed similarities between genes coding for proteins involved in adherence and attachment in choanoflagellates and animals.
Cambrian explosion
Marks the earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals
Bilaterally symmetric form, complete digestive tract, and one way digestive system.
Traits of bilaterians from the cambrian explosion
New predator-prey relationships, a rise in atmospheric oxygen, and the evolution of the Hox gene
Hypotheses regarding the cambrian explosion and decline of ediacaran biota
body plan
a set of morphological and developmental traits
Radial symmetry
symmetry of animals with no front and back, or left and right
Bilateral symmetry
two-sided symmetry
Dorsal
refers to the top part of an animal
Ventral
refers to the bottom part or an animal with bilateral symmetry
Anterior
refers to the front part of an animal with a bilateral symmetry
posterior
refers to the back part of an animal with a bilateral symmetry
Radial animals
These kind of animals are often sessile or planktonic (drifting and weakly swimming)
Bilateral animals
These animals often move actively and have a central nervous system
Tissues
collections of specialized cells isolated from others by membranous layers
Ectoderm
the germ layer covering the embryo’s surface
Endoderm
the innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube, called the archenteron
Diploblastic animals
These animals have both ectoderm and endoderm, inckuding cnidarians
Triploblastic animals
These animals, including all bilaterians, have an intervening mesoderm layer
Coelom
True body cavity derived from mesoderm
Coelomates
animals that possess a true coelom
pseudocoelom
a body cavity derived from the mesoderm and endoderm
Pseudocoelomates
triploblastic animals that possess a psedocoelom
Acoelomates
triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity
blastopore
forms during gastrulation and connects the archenteron to the exterior of the grastula
Protostome development
In which development does the blastopore becomes the mouth
deuterostome development
in which development does the blastopore become the anus
Deuterostomia
Clade that includes hemichordates, echinoderms, and chordates, as well as vertebrates and invertebrates.
Ecdysozoa
a clade of invertebrates that shed their exoskeletons through a process called ecdysis
Lophotrochozoa
Cades that account for more than 95% of known animal species.
Epithelial tissues
cell fit closely together and often form sheets
iii. and iv.
iii. Should be rests on basement membrane
iv. epithelial tissues regenerate easily
Which amongst the following are false:
i. Epithelial tissues are avascular, meaning there are no blood supply
ii. Epithelial tissues have two classification: simple and stratified
iii. The lower surface of epithelial tissues rest on an apical membrane
iv. Epithelial tissues do not regenerate easily which is why they are sensitive
Squamous (flattened), Cuboidal (cube-shaped), Columnar (column-like)
Enumerate the shapes of epithelial tissues
allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration
location: Air sacs of the lungs, kidney glomeruli, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
What is the function of simple squamous epithelial cells and where are these located
Location: Kidney tubules, ducts and small glands, and surface of ovary
Function: Secretion and absorption
function and location of simple cuboidal ephitelial cells
Location: Lines digestive tract, mucus-producing goblet cells, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands
Function: Absorption, enzyme secretion
location and function of simple columnar epithelial tissues
Pseudostratified
Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others. Often looks like a double layer of cells, but they are not.
Location: Lines bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.
Function: Propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action.
location and function of Pseudostratified tissue
Stratified squamous
Cells at the apical surface are flattened. Consists of many layers of cells. Found as a protective covering where friction is common
Location: Lines esophagus, mouth, and vagina. Keratinized variety lines the surface of the skin.
Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion.
location and function of stratified squamous tissues
stratified cuboidal
two layers of cuboidal cells. usually confined to the lining of the larger excretory ducts of exocrine glands
Transitional epithelium
Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching. Lines organs of the urinary system
Connective tissues
Found everywhere in the body. Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues
Binds body tissues together, Supports the body, Provides protection
functions of connective tissues
Collagenous fibers
connective tissue fiber that provides strength and flexibility
Reticular fibers
connective tissue fiber that join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
Elastic fibers
connective tissue fiber that stretch and snap back to their original length
fibroblasts
connective tissue cells that secrete the protein of extracellular fibers
Macrophages
Connective tissue cells that are involved in the immune system
loose connective tissue
Major type of connective tissue that binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
fibrous connective tissue
major type of connective tissue that is found in tendons and ligaments
tendons
these attaches muscles to bones
ligaments
these connect bones at joints
Bone
major type of connective tissue that is mineralized and forms skeleton
blood
major type of connective tissue that forms cell fragments in blood plasma
Cartilage
major type of connective tissue that is strong and flexible suppor material
Adipose
major type of connective tissue that stores fat for insulation and fuel
osteocytes that lie in lacunae
hard matrix of calcium salts
large numbers of collagen fibers
Osseous tissues are composed of:
Cartilage
A hard yet flexible tissue that supports structures such as the outer ear and forms the entire skeleton of animals such as sharks and rays
Hyaline cartilage
Most common type of cartilage composed of abundant collagen fibers and rubbery matrix
Location: Forms embryonic skeleton; covers ends of long bones; and forms cartilage of nose, trachea, and larynx.
• Function: Support and reinforcement
location and function of hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
type of cartilage that provides elasticity and can be seen in the external ear and epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
type of cartilage that is highly compressible and absorbs compression shocks. Mostly seen in the knee joints
Areolar tissue
Most widely distributed loose connective tissue. Soft, pliable tissue like “cobwebs”. Functions as a packing tissue
Reticular connective tissue
Delicate network of interwoven fibers. Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs
Skeletal muscle
type of muscle tissue that is responsible for voluntary movement
smooth muscle
type of muscle tissue that is responsible for involuntary body activities
Cardiac muscle
type of muscle tissue responsible for contraction of the heart
striated
multinucleate
long and cylindrical
3 characteristics of skeletal muscles:
one nucleus per cell
striated
branching (cells are attached to other cardiac muscle cells)
3 characteristics of cardiac muscle:
No visible striations
One nucleus per cell
Spindle-shaped cells
3 characteristics of smooth muscle:
Nervous tissues
Type of tissue that is composed of neurons and nerve support cells. Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body
Neurons
part of the nervous tissue that transmit nerve impulses
Glial cells
cells in the nervous tissue that support cells
Endocrine system
Transmits chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells throughout the body via blood
hormones
relatively slow acting, but can have long-lasting effects and can affect one or more regions throughout the body.
Nervous system
a system that transmits information between specific locations
Homeostasis
used to maintain a steady state or internal balance regardless of external environment
positive feedback
amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals
circadian rhythm
governs physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours
Thermoregulation
the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
Acclimatization
a process by which homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment
Note
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