product design

What are metals extracted from?

Ores in the ground.

Why must ores be refined?

To make the metal pure.

What is iron ore turned into?

Ferrous metal.

What is aluminium ore turned into?

Non-ferrous metal.

What are ferrous metals?

Metals that contain iron.

Why do ferrous metals corrode?

Due to oxidation from air and moisture.

What colour does corroded ferrous metal turn?

Brown/muddy colour.

Are ferrous metals magnetic?

Yes.

How are ferrous metals extracted?

Mining and blast furnace.

What are two mining methods?

Surface mining (quarry) and underground mining (mines).

What is used in a blast furnace?

Iron ore, coke, and limestone.

What are non-ferrous metals?

Metals that don't contain iron.

Do non-ferrous metals corrode easily?

No, they are not prone to corroding.

Are non-ferrous metals magnetic?

No.

How are non-ferrous metals extracted?

Mining, refining, and electrolysis.

What is used to extract aluminium?

Cryolite + aluminium ore.

What is an alloy?

A combination of one or more metals to enhance properties.

What are visual properties of materials?

Aesthetics and colour.

What does ‘cost effective’ mean in product design?

Efficient in cost, not necessarily cheap.

What is hardness?

Resistance to scratches, indentation, and penetration.

What is elasticity?

Ability to return to original shape after deformation.

What is conductivity?

Ability to allow heat/electricity to pass through.

What is toughness?

Ability to withstand heavy forces until failure.

What is ductility?

Ability to be stretched into a wire or sheet.

What is tensile strength?

Ability to withstand pulling forces.

What is compressive strength?

Ability to withstand squashing forces.

What is shear strength?

Ability to resist being cut or sliced.

What is torsion strength?

Ability to resist twisting forces.

What is malleability?

Ability to deform easily without breaking.

What is finishing in materials?

Protecting and enhancing the final material.

What is painting?

Applying paint on the surface.

What is galvanising?

Coating metal in a less reactive metal.

What is plating?

Dipping in a protective solution.

What is polymer coating?

Encasing a metal in plastic.

What are polymers made from?

Crude oil.

How are polymers extracted?

Drilling with oil rigs/mines.

What is fractional distillation?

Separation by boiling points in a distillation tower.

What are natural polymers?

Biodegradable polymers like PLA from 1989.

What are synthetic polymers?

Non-biodegradable, sometimes recyclable, patented in 1907.

What are thermoforming plastics?

Can be reshaped by reheating; recyclable.

What are thermosetting plastics?

Cannot be reshaped after heating; not recyclable.

What are textiles?

Flexible, soft, aesthetic materials with varying strengths.

What are natural fibres?

Cotton, wool, cashmere, silk.

What are synthetic fibres?

Polyester, nylon, acrylic, neoprene, kevlar, lycra.

What is yarn?

Fibres spun together.

What is weaving?

Fabric construction with horizontal weft and vertical warp.

What is knitting?

Stretchy fabric that uses more yarn and adapts to sizes.

What is non-woven fabric?

Bonded with pressure/adhesive, or matted together.

What is a blended fibre?

Mix of fibres to enhance properties.

What are papers made from?

Trees shredded into pulp and dried into sheets.

What is GSM in paper?

Grams per square metre.

What are hardwoods?

Deciduous trees, slow-growing, hardwearing, aesthetic, expensive.

What are softwoods?

Coniferous trees, fast-growing, cost-effective, used in construction.

What is seasoning in timber?

Allowing wood to warp, twist, or crack.

What are manufactured boards?

Man-made wood products like plywood, MDF, chipboard.

What is plywood?

Sheets of wood glued in alternate directions.

What is MDF?

Sawdust and fibres glued with heat and compression.

What is chipboard?

Chips and shavings glued with heat and compression.