Post Civil War Unit Test

Laissez-faire

"Hands off" government style that promoted minimal government intervention

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Andrew Carnegie

Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Horizontal Integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States.

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Civil Rights Act of 1866

law that established federal guarantees of civil rights for all citizens

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Radical Republicans

faction of Republicans that advocated for civil rights of former slaves and full emancipation

impeachment

formal charge brought against a civil officer of government for crimes

Solid South

states of the Southern US that advocated for the interests of white Democrats

Ku Klux Klan

secret group which aimed to suppress the newly acquired rights of African Americans and later took a nativist position on many issues (many times associated with white supremacy)

Scalawags

white southerners who supported the Republican party during Reconstruction

Compromise of 1877

settled outcome of election of 1876; removed all military personnel from the South and formally ended Recontruction

How did actions by people like members of KKK prevent freedmen from progressing in society?

1. would harass freedmen at voting booths

2. would use black codes/Jim Crow laws to prevent them from attending good schools and participating in society

3. They sought to limit the economic, social and political progress of freedmen

How did Compromise of 1877 end Reconstruction?

with the removal of troops, it showed that the US was pretty much back together and that the military was no longer needed in the south to maintain order

How did the Compromise of 1877 benefit both sides?

Northern Republicans won the presidential election and gave the south their freedom back and removed troops from their area.

How did the economy change during the Reconstruction era?

Instead of slavery, souther land owners used sharecropping to exploit freed workers. Sharecropping tied freedmen to land which created a system of debt and poverty.

What was Lincoln's 10% plan?

Allowed Confederate states to quickly rejoin the Union as long as 10% of their voting members swore allegiance and promised emancipation. It was seen as too lenient by Radical Republicans.

What were the benefits of Johnson's plan?

Made the south pay for the war, and made sure slavery was abolished (closely resembled Lincoln's plan)

How did the Reconstruction Act of 1867 further tensions between the North and South?

Federal Troops being placed in the south angered many southerners by creating 5 regions of occupation. Additionally, many were still upset about the war and the things (such as Sherman's March) that had been done to the South. May former Confederate states sought to maintain Old South ideals.

Why Was Johnson Impeached?

Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act when he failed to alert Congress when he was firing a government official

In what ways was reconstruction a success?

1. All of the seceded states were brought back into the union, and the nation was a whole again.

2. The passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments helped protect freedmen from segregation and helped bring them into society.

In what way was Reconstruction a failure?

1. Reconstruction couldn't account for the De facto and De Jure segregation in the South

2. the amendments they passed failed to do much in the South.

3. The assassination of Lincoln set construction back, with different people having different ideas on what to do with reconstruction

Trust

large business that operates similar to a monopoly; controls most businesses in a particular industry

Boycott

refusal to use, buy or sell goods for social, political or other reasons

injunction

court order to end an activity. In the case of the labor movement, it was usually used to end strikes

How did Social Dawinism affect government policy about businesses?

It was used to show how the government should stay out of the economy and let companies die when they needed to. It supported the rise of big business and trusts that eventually dominated industries such as oil, steel, railroads, tobacco, etc.

How were boycotts used by consumers to push companies to do something?

When consumers refuse to buy products, companies aren't making money and therefore need to consider changing something in order for consumers to go back to buying their products. In other ways, the refusal to use a service would mean that that service isn't making money, and a change would need to be made in order for them to go back to making money.

How did Vertical integration help businesses make more money?

When businesses owned all of the factors of production (resources, transportation, production, etc.). It made production cheaper and more reliable.

How did Horizontal Integration help businesses make more money?

Businesses had a monopoly on the production of a single resource or good, meaning they could change whatever price they wanted to for said good. This happened as businesses would buy out companies in the same industry (ex. Standard Oil Company of Rockefeller buying out competition to control over 90% of the oil market.

How did the Creation of Trusts negatively affect the United States?

Large trusts often had high prices and unfairly hurt their competition through buyouts and controls over the market price.

How were railroads important to the development of the United States?

Railroads served as the key to opening the west, and allowed for goods to be transported quickly from one area to the next. Allowed for other industries to grow faster as well.

How were Big Business Leaders viewed as Robber Barons?

The public image of these men viewed them as power hungry, ruthless men who would unethically take out their competition and charge high prices for their goods to build their own wealth.

How did some view wealthy business owners as Captains of Industry?

They created jobs, gave their wealth to charities to create libraries, colleges, and also made the American economy the leading economy in the world by 1900.

How did the Sherman Antitrust Act help consumers?

The anti-Trust act allowed the government to break up illegal trusts, which meant that private companies would have a chance to be more successful, and prices would be lowered for consumers.

How did labor unions benefit workers?

1. The power of collective bargaining allowed workers to negotiate indirectly with employers.

2. improved working conditions for workers

3. improved wages for most workers

How did Samuel Gompers serve as a reformer in the area of labor rights?

He helped found a labor union named the American Federation of Labor that represented mostly skilled workers, not many minorities (women and racial) and used a larger variety of strategies to gain worker rights strike, collective bargaining, etc.).

How were labor strikes both good and bad for workers?

Bad - Many labor strikes were violent and involved violence; many workers could have been easy to replace, so lots of strikers lost their jobs.

Good - Many of them resulted in changes to working conditions, or better pay.

How did immigrants during this era contribute to American society?

1. Railroads were built in large part due to immigrant workers 2. Their culture and presence changed America by bringing new foods, architecture designs, and beliefs into the country.

Homestead Act

Encouraged migration west by providing 160 acres of land; many people became known as homesteaders

Exoduster

an African American who migrated to the West after the Civil War

Long Drive

name given to the journey from Texas to cow towns where cattle would be sent to board trains for transportation

rebate

incentive to draw customers that involve refunds or lower prices for certain customers

Farmer's Alliances

Organizations that promoted the interest of farmers

Cross of Gold Speech

famous speech by William Jennings Bryan; supported strong Populist platform for 1869 presidential election

What were some of the push factors in Westward Migration?

joblessness after the war, expensive farm land in the east, business failures and religious repression.

What were some of the pull factors in Westward Migration?

Railroad land grants, Morrill land grants, Homestead Act, and private property rights.

How did the Farmer's Alliances benefit farmers?

These alliances worked to represent the interests and beliefs of the farmers who were struggling across the nation. Almost like a labor union. They had goals such as to increase the money supply (gold/silver) to increase crop prices, create a graduated income tax, further regulate industries such as the railroad, etc

Why were exodusters important?

They were pivotal in developing land and populating parts of the country that had no development.

What was the significance of the "Cross of gold speech"?

The speech convinced farmers that the gold standard was harmful to them. It made William Jennings Bryant very popular and led him to pursue a presidential election.

What was the significance of the Hellen Hunt Jackson & Century of Dishonor Act?

It exposed government unfairness and violence towards Native Americans and increased the advocacy for government reforms

In what ways did the federal government try to assimilate Plains tribes during and following the Native American Wars?

The Dawes Act was passed which gave citizenship to civilized tribes. Tribes were to Americanize through learning English, adopting American customs, Christianity as a religion. The creation of schools were designed to assimilate many youth from their Native American cultures of origin.

What were the effects of the Transcontinental Railroad?

it expanded farming and ranching markets because people could transfer things easier and faster, and expanded farmer resilience on railroads

How did new industries and inventions help progress productivity and the economy in the country?

inventions like the steel plow, windmill, and refrigerated cars helped people to be able to increase the amount of items they can produce and were able to produce new things. And new industries like farming, ranching, and mining were able to give people more jobs, and help with the creation of new items. Many of these industries resulted from the impact of the Transcontinental Railroad.

What was the farmer's response to the Transcontinental Railroad?

Some farmers were giving special rates to their favorite customers to use the railroad, opposed tariffs on imports, and they were given more debt because of crop prices.

Why was an 8 hour work day introduced?

They wanted to protect laborers and create an alliance with industrial workers.

What was the goal of the Progressive Income Tax?

The goal was to shift the tax burden from the working class to the wealthy.