Kidneys

What are the components of the urinary tract anatomy?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

What shape are the kidneys?

Bean shaped.

Where are the kidneys located?

In the posterior aspect of the right and left upper quadrants.

What are the two main parts of the kidney?

Renal parenchyma and renal sinus.

What does the renal parenchyma include?

Renal medulla and renal cortex.

What does the renal sinus consist of?

The renal collecting system, including calyces and renal pelvis.

What are the normal dimensions of the kidneys in length?

9 – 12 cm.

What is the average depth of the kidneys?

2.5 – 4 cm AP.

What is the normal diameter of the kidneys?

4 – 6 cm.

What is the outermost layer surrounding the kidney?

Renal capsule.

What fat layer surrounds the renal capsule?

Perinephric Fat.

What is Gerota’s fascia?

Also known as Zuckerlandl fascia, it surrounds the kidneys.

What is the function of renal corpuscles?

Area where filtration takes place.

What are the two types of nephrons?

Juxtamedullary and cortical nephrons.

What is the key feature of a juxtamedullary nephron?

Closer to the medullary pyramids and makes concentrated urine.

What condition is characterized by enlargement of the unaffected kidney?

Compensatory hypertrophy.

What is a dromedary hump?

Bulge on the lateral border of the kidney.

What is a duplicated collecting system?

Division of the renal sinus resulting in two separate renal sinuses.

What is an ectopic kidney?

A kidney located in an abnormal position, often in the pelvis.

What is the term for both kidneys being fused on the same side of the body?

Crossed fused ectopia.

What is a horseshoe kidney?

Two kidneys that connect at their lower poles by an isthmus.

What does a renal sinus lipomatosis indicate?

Excessive fat within the renal pelvis.

What is nephroptosis?

Also known as floating kidney; the kidney descends more than two vertebral bodies during position change.

What does supernumerary kidney refer to?

A third smaller kidney.

What is ureterocele?

Cystic dilation of the terminal ureter either within the bladder or extending into the urethra.

What substance typically increases with kidney disease?

Urea.

What is the normal function of kidneys in relation to blood?

They control blood concentration and volume by removing water and solutes.

What does GFR stand for?

Glomerular filtration rate.

What pressure promotes filtration in the glomeruli?

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GBHP).

What pressure opposes filtration in the glomeruli?

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) and blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP).

What is tubular reabsorption?

The process by which the kidneys return substances from the filtrate back to the blood.

What hormone is released due to low blood pressure?

Renin.

What role does erythropoietin play in the body?

Stimulates red blood cell production in response to hypoxia.

What is the primary function of calcitriol?

Increases blood calcium levels by enhancing intestinal absorption and reabsorption in kidneys.

What is the normal renal capsule thickness?

1 cm.

What is the main function of the bladder?

Temporary storage of urine.

Where are the ureters located in relation to the bladder?

They enter the bladder posteriorly at the superolateral margin of the trigone.

What are the three layers of the ureters?

Fascia, smooth muscle, epithelial cells.

What is the function of the bladder wall's detrusor muscle?

To contract and expel urine.

What is a common site for obstructive uropathies?

Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ).

What is the typical appearance of an acute pyelonephritis ultrasound?

Possible enlarged kidney, altered echogenicity, and loss of corticomedullary differentiation.

What does the presence of renal calculi typically result in?

Hydronephrosis due to obstruction.

What is the frequency of renal cell carcinoma occurring in adults?

Most common renal parenchymal malignancy, peak age 50-70.

What condition typically follows a prolonged renal failure?

Acquired cystic kidney disease.

What is the imaging appearance of a renal abscess?

Round, thick-walled hypoechoic complex mass.

What is the typical presentation of Wilms Tumors in children?

Palpable mass in abdominal region.

What do transitional cell carcinomas originate from?

The surface epithelium of the urinary tract.

What is the risk associated with vesicoureteral reflux?

Increased risk of ascending urinary tract infections (UTIs).

What is hydronephrosis?

Dilatation of renal pelvis and calyces due to obstruction.

What common test is performed to evaluate kidney function?

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test.

What is an important lab test for assessing renal function?

Creatinine clearance test.

What type of neosome is characterized by smooth muscle, fat and blood vessels?

Angiomyolipoma.

What is a common cause of hydronephrosis?

Obstruction due to stones or UPJ obstruction.

What laboratory findings indicate a urinary tract infection?

Presence of nitrites, bacteria, and leukocytes in urine.

What is the sonographic appearance of cortical cysts?

Anechoic, well-defined walls, round or ovoid with acoustic enhancement.

What is significant about the renal corpuscle?

It contains the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule where filtration occurs.

What is the renal pelvis?

The funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the major calyces before it enters the ureter.

What does the term 'nephroptosis' refer to?

A condition where the kidney is abnormally positioned and descends significantly during changes in position.

What indicates renal failure on renal ultrasound?

Echogenic kidneys with loss of normal architecture.

What is the function of mesangial cells?

To help regulate GFR and remove trapped residues from the glomerular basement membrane.

What causes renal sinus lipomatosis?

Excessive fat accumulation within the renal sinus.

What does cystitis indicate?

An inflammation of the bladder, often due to infection.

What is the anatomical variant characterized by a bulge on the lateral border of the kidney?

Dromedary hump.

What is the common treatment required for pyonephrosis?

Antibiotics and/or intervention to manage obstruction.

How does the body regulate GFR through hormones?

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system responds to low blood pressure.

What is the implication of the term 'retroperitoneal'?

The location of the kidneys, meaning they are located behind the peritoneum.

What condition presents as multiple bilateral renal cysts with a risk of hypertension?

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease.

What is pyelonephritis primarily caused by?

Ascending infections from the urinary tract.

What is hydronephrosis characterized by?

Dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces due to obstruction.

What age group is typically affected by Wilms Tumors?

Children between ages 1-5.