Identifications for 12/9 Exam

identifications

absolutism

a type of central government that was most prevalent in france; unlimited centralized power and absolute sovereignty; uses divine right of kings to justify rule; ex: louis XIV

louis XIII

(r. 1610-1643); son of Henry IV; 9 years old he became the king; he was advised by Cardianl Richelieu and his mother, marie de medicis, acted as regent; with the help of richelieu he appointed intendants, civil servantas who were paid by the crown, to lower nobility's authority and prevent the abuse from the sale of church offices; attacked huguenots and nobility and work to absolutism

richelieu

(1585-1642) louis XIII's advisor; sought to make France the supreme european power; devout catholic and anti-habsburg policy; entered the thirty year war to contain spain's power; attacked parlements and politcal freedom of huguenots; issued peace of alias with louis XIII which reaffirmed edict of nantes but banned huguenot's politcal rights; famous belief of raison d'etat

raison d'etat

richelieu's chief motton; "reason of state"; one should do anything for the state's interest; this might not be moral but one's actions should be justified for the state's interest; place politics and state above religion and combined essenes of absolutism and machiavalism

louis XIV

(4.1643-1715) son of louis XIII; "sun king"; ruled by divine right of kings; bossuet justified divine right using old testament; master of propaganda; limited nobility influence but never abolished them completely; worked with parlements but only let their power be local; resided in versailles after 1682 which promoted his absolute rule; organzied life at court including hunting, gambling, and dinner which kept nobles bust so they can't revolt

anne of austria

(mid 17th century) Louis XIV's mom; placed government in hands of mazarin when louis was five years old; fronde was against her and mazarin's policies

mazarin

(1602-1661) ruled with anne of austria when louis xiv was 5 years old; continued policy of centralization; ignited rebellions called fronde; left france and went into exile with louis xiv after fronde; returned in 1652 after anarchic rule of nobles

fronde

(1649-52) series of rebellions led by nobles against louis xiv, mazarin, and anne of austria; meant to check the growing power and authority of louis xiv; failed and paved the way for absolutism in france during louis xiv's rule

versailles

(built between 1648-1708) great palace built for louis xiv that house nobles and servants ; permanent residence of louis xiv after 1682; just outside of paris and largest secular structure in europe at that time; ornate, beautiful, filled with images and propaganda, and helped promote absolute rule of louis xiv

edict of nantes

april 13, 1598; issued by henry iv that gave huguenots religious freedom in a catholic country; it granted them public worship, right of assembly, and admission to public offices; was revoked in 1685 with edict of fontainebleau by louis xiv because he wanted to increase religious conformity and saw huguenots as a threat

mercantilism

17th-18th century; government control of economy where its aim is to increase exports and decrease imports; based on belief that there is only certain amount of wealth in the world; there is a favorable balance of trade; jean-baptiste colbert (1619-1683) was financial advisor of louis; wanted economy that supported war; promoted mercantilism by colonies and tariffs on imports so that economy goes up

marquis de louvois

r. 1641-1691; louis's war minister; instituted good salaries in military; improved discipline; limited commissions and introduced promotions by merit; supported mercenaries

war of the spanish succession

1701-1714; war over who would rule spain after childless charles ii's death; louis xiv and leoppold i had claims to the throne through grandsons; charles gave the throne to philip v, louis' grandson; countries didn't like this because they feared france's growing power; war between france vs. hre, upn, england, sweden; france had bad finances and winter and famine of 1708-09 torn them up internaly; john churchill defeated louis at battles of blenheim and ramillies; treaty of utrecht in 1713 ended war, france and spain wouldn't be united as they lose, england gains land, and rise of the hre again

romanovs

1613-1917; dynasty in russia that started off with micheal romanov (r.1613-1645); successors aleksei and feodor iii brought stability and centralization; aleksei's first wife maria miloslavskaya children are feodor, sophia, and ivan; his second wife natalya's child was peter who would be the next tsar

peter the great

r.1682-1725; aleksei and natalya's child who ruled as co-tsar with ivan at ten years old; sophia ruled as regent under them; streltsy helped overthrow sophia because of bad blood and peter became sole tsar; greatly influenced by western europe and louis xiv; traveled to western europe to learn more about military hardware (great embassy); suppressed streltsy and boyar rebellions; introduced drafting in military and built strong navy; involved in great northern war; established st.petersburg which represented russia's power and influence from western europe; replaced patriarchate with holy synod government

sophia romanov

r.1682-1689; ruled as regent under brothers peter the great and ivan v; daughter of aleksei and maria so had bad blood with peter; spread word that peter was conspiring against ivan when she felt her power was threatened because she wanted her actual brother to rule instead of peter who was her half brother; peter and streltsy overthrow her and he became the sole ruler

great embassy

1697-1698; peter the great traveled to western europe, germany, netherlands, england; worked in shipyard; learned new military hardware and skills and languages; brought back what he learned to russia so he could improve its technology, military, and power; had to cut trip short because of streltsy rebellion in moscow

streltsy

17th century; palace guards in russia; helped peter come to power and overthrew sophia; rebelled in 1698 which caused peter to cut his western trip to europe short; peter supressed them by torturing and executing

boyars

17th century; russian nobility; very traditional to russian culture; peter wanted to change this after his trip to western europe; cut personally cut off their long beards; stopped granting boyar titles to new individuals; made major foreign and domestic decisions without consulting boyars

westernization

17th-early 18th century; peter the great heavily westernized russia; was influenced by louis xiv; during great embassy, he learned several military skills and hardware; built strong navy and military; cut off boyars beards to resemble other europeans; established st.petersburg on baltic sea which resembled other european cities and helped with trade; boyars lived in st.petersburg so they didn't have time to revolt like louis's versailles; westernized church by abolishing patriarch position

old believers

mid 16th century to early 17th century; russian orthodox christians who opposed nikon changes into church texts and ritual; peter opposed their ideas and in 1721, abolished position of patriarch; established holy synod, achieving secular control of church

alexei romanov

1690-1718; peter the great's son; peter the great wrote the letter to him saying that he needs to do something useful in life and not just be lazy and have no desire to rule after him

great northern war

1700-1721; russia vs. sweden; peter wanted land around the baltic sea so he fought charles xii of sweden; battle of narva (1700) - charles won because of weak russian forces; battle of poltava (1709) - peter won; peace of nystad - peter gained estonia, livonia, and part of finland; was able to establish st.petersburg and influence on european affairs because of war

sejm

late 17th century; polish legislative body for nobility and excluded represenatives from towns; very weak and dysfunctional; liberum veto (singular member vote) could disband entire session along with orders; unorganized; one of the many reasons why poland lacked centralized government

pragmatic sanction

1713; edict issued by charles vi, holy roman emperor; provided legal basis for a single line of inheritance within habsburg dynasty through their daughter maria theresa; frederick ii of prussia threatened his inheritance when he invaded silesia

geocentrism

idea that the universe revolves around the earth, as it is the center of the universe; belief dates back to aristotle; ptolemy later on created a model and his work almagest to state his explanations; the earth had to be center because it was the heaviest; god is beyond the circles, which makes us the farthest away from god as we are sinners

heliocentrism

idea that the sun (symbollically god) is the center of the universe; nicholas of cusa first proposed the idea and said jesus (sun) was center; copernicus better established this idea around 1500s, saying that the earth moved abous the sun in a circle

copernicus

1473-1543; polish astronomer who went against the traditional ptolemaic system and introduced heliocentrism; canon in the catholic church; read ptolemy's almagest but didn't make any sense to him; he kept many elements of ptolemaic model but said epicycles were smaller and the distance of planets from sun affected the time they took to revolve around it; wrote on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres in 1543 to advocate heliocentrism

galileo

1564-1642; italian mathematician/natural philosopher; used telescope to observe sunspots and moon; realized heaven was more complex than suspected; advocated for copernicanism and heliocentrism; wrote starry messanger in 1610 using his clear writing, talking about his observations and how particularly the phases of the moon required a heliocentric interpretation; also wrote dialogue concering the two chief world systems in 1632, which talked about ptolemic vs. copernican views but not endorsing one of the other; this made him be condemned by inquisition because he portrayed ptolemy's ideas as stupid

urban viii (maffeo barberini)

r.1623-1644; galileo knew he was open-minded and was friends with him; because of this, galileo asked him for permission to write book about copernicus' heliocentrism vs. ptolemy's geocentrism; he got approved but he couldn't endorse one of the other; pope heard that in a book, galileo depicted pteolemy's views as stupid and copernicus's views accurate; he had galileo charged with heresy

kepler

1571-1630; german astronomer and tycho brahe's assistant; wrote first science fiction book somnium; strong heliocentric advocate but rejected epicycles; used brahe's observation to determine that planets' orbits are elliptical; wrote about his findings in the new astronomy in 1609; create kepler's 3 laws of planetary motion

empiricism

16-17th century; theory based on using observations and experiments to construct theory or philosophy of knowledge; all knowledge is derived from sensory experience and evidence; bacon regarded as father of empiricism

tycho brahe

1546-1601; danish astronomer; rejected copernicus and focused on geocentrism; believed that all planets except for earth orbit sun but that whole unit including moon and sun revolved around earth; collected data that kepler used

francis bacon

1561-1626; english lawyer, royal offical, and essayist; father of empiricism and inductive reasoning; attacked scholastic thinkers as they were thinking too much in the past; believed that knowledge of nature should be obtained to improve human condition; urged philosophers to examine evidence using senses before acquiring knowledge and creating presumptions; wrote the advancement of learning, novum organum, and new atlantis

descartes

1596-1650; matematician who invented analytics geometry; developed scientific method that relied on deduction/reationalism; believed that human reason could comprehend the world; believed that you can come to truth through logical reasoning; wrote discorse of method in 1637 where he rejected scholastic philosophy and intellectual authority except his own reasoning; wrote meditations in 1641

newton

1642-1727; englishman and mathematician; went to cambridge; apple fell on his head and he thinks that is the force that makes apple fall from tree is the same force that keeps the moon in orbit; wrote principia mathematica in 1687; discovered gravity and said that all physical objects in universe move through gravity; explaned planetary orbits; came up with mathematical equations for gravity

locke

1632-1704; wrote essay concering human understanding; said everyone is born as a blank slate (tabula rasa); personalitiy comes from experience; wrote second treatise explaining the contract relationship between king and people; if king breaks contract and thus threatens people's life, liberry, or property people can overthrow him; believed laws should be reasonable

voltaire

1694-1778; philosopher who offended french dovernment due to the opposition to scientific works; was arrested; published letters on the english in 1733 and elements of the philosophy of newton in 1738; wrote candide in 1759; this was a satire in which he attacked war, religious prosecution, and his thoughts on major european powers; "crush the infamous thing" meaning he hated roman catholicism

montesquieu

1689-1755; wrote persian letters in 1721 and spirit of the laws in 1748 saying that no single set of political laws could apply to all people; criticized louis xv of france and absolutism; admired english system of government; advocated for separation of powers/checks and balance so one part of government wouldn't be completely in control

separation of powers

d

deism

18th century; religion and reason combined; belief that rational god created universe but allowed it to function without interference; people can pray to him but he wouldn't listen; sorta like universe is a clock and god is clock maker; volitaire advocated

rousseau

general will

separate spheres

mary wollstonecraft

adam smith