HPRS 1201

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primary prevention

avoids the development of a disease, such as health education

secondary prevention

disease is already there, but it prevents the progression of the disease such as high blood pressure testing

tertiary prevention

reduces the impact of an already established disease by reducing disease relateed complications. an example is a person with a high blood pressure who is taking blood pressure medicine

graying of the US population

as the U.S populationś life expectancy (graying) continues to increase, the US will be confronted with more chronic health issues bc as we age, more chronic health conditions develop which will require more use of the healthcare system

Patient Bill of Rights

1973- a document that provides patients with information on how they can reasonably expect to be treated during the course of their hospital stay

Medicare

implemented in 1965 to provide health care access to the elderly

Medicaid

implemented in 1965 to provide health care access to the pooor

Hospitalists

created in 1996; providers that focus specifically on the care of patients when they are hospitalized. it recognized the need of providing quality hospital care

group insurance

A type of private insurance that anticipates that a large group of individuals will purchase insurance through their employer and the risk is spread among those paying individuals. (share the costs so its cheeaper)

public health functions

functions that provide services to the community. They target populations rather than individuals. They include child immunization programs, health screenings in schools, community health services.

American Medical association

an organization of physicians that try to promote the science and art of medicine and the betterment of public health

Emergency medical treatment and active labor act

A legislative act passed to ensure that consumers were not refused treatment for an emergency life threatening health situation

Agency for healthcare research and quality

supports research to improve the quality, safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of health care for all Americans

The physician compare website

established to help consumers with research about their physicians. it helps consumers find out : which physicians accept Medicare, the physician´s specialty, and the location of their services. (literally just helps people choose which physician to go to)

The affordable care act

requires the most u.s citizens and legal residents to purchase health insurance if they can afford it or pay a penalty. it also requires insurance companies to cover young adults on their parents' insurance until age 26, even if they are not living with their parents, not declared dependents on their parent's taxes, or are no longer students

the nursing medicare website

publishes data that will enable consumers to compare the quality of long term facilities' care.

the center for medicare and medicaid innovation

develops and tests new healthcare payment and service delivery models to: Improve patient care. Lower costs. Better align payment systems to promote patient-centered practices

duty to treat

any person deserves basic health care

residential care facilities

provide around the clock social and personal care to the elderly, children, and others who cannot take care of themselves

per capita

per person

life expectancy of a male and female

females live longer than males

U.S medical schools

lower medical school graduate rate than other countries because the curriculum is very difficult and the cost is very expensive

outpatient care centers

centers that provide different types of services that can be obtained without staying overnight

home healthcare services

one of the fastest growing components of healthcafre industry as a form of employment

nursing and residential care

types of facilities that provide rehabilitation, nursing, and healthcare-releated personal care to those who need ongoing care

surgeon general

U.S cheif health educator who provides info on how to improve U.S health.

the food and drug administration

responsible for advancing public health by helping to speed innovations that make medicines and foods more effetive, safer, and more affordable

the occupational safety and health administration

1970- governs the workplace environment to ensure that employees have a safe and healthy environment

local health departments

government organizations that provides most direct services to the poopulation. It is difficult to generalize what types of services are offered by local health departments because they do vary according to the geographic location but most are involved in communicable disease control

us constitution --\> state government

constitution gave the state government the primary role in health care for their citizens. they also liscence health professionals such as physicians, dentists, chiropractors, nurses, pharmacists, optometrists and veternatians who practice within their juridsiction

determinants of health

there is social and physical environemnt\-- external influences on health. the physical environment would include pollutants, hazardous exposure at work, water contaminiation, ect. the social environment would include socioeconomic status which relates directly to quality of health. individuals with a higher income level are less exposed to environmental risks and increase access to quality health care. Genetic factors or a person's biology predispose individuals to certain disease.

epidemiologoc surveillance

consists of monitoring disease outbreaks to develop public health intervention strategies to combat disease

american medical association

recognized that obesity should be treated as a disease and treated as such

respite care programs

provides systematic relief to those caregivers who need a mental break. it also forestalls the ill patient from being placed in a facility. it is a temporary care program

employee assistance programs (EAPs)

a type of occupational health program. established in the 1970s as an internvention for employee drug and alcohol abuse, the program has expanded to offer other services such as tobacco cessation programs and mental health counseling and referrals

Conditions of Participation

Standards developed by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) that a facility must comply with in order to participate in the Medicare and Medicaid programs.

typical hospice team

consists of the clergy, social workers, and physicians and nurses

acute care

inpatient services typically focus on acute care which includes the secondary and tertiary care levels that most likely require inpatient care

urgent/emergent care centers

1970s- provided an opportunity for healthcare consumers who need medical care but the situation is not life threatening

the self determination act of 1990

requires hospitals that treat medicare and medicaid patients to provide info to the patients about their rights when they are admitted

medical illustrators

trained artists that portray visually scientific information to teach both the professionals and the public about medical issues

certified nursing assistants (CNAs)

unliscensed patient attendants who work under the supervision of physicians and nurses

hospitalists

created in 1996- providers that focus specifically on the care of a patient when they are hospitalized

nurses

constitute the largest group of health care pros, provide the majority of care to patients, and represent 20% of the healthcare workforce

pharmacy technicians

counts tablets and measures amounts of other medication for prescriptions, compunds or mixes medications, such as preparing ointments, and takes from customers or health care pros the info needed to fill a prescription

prfusionist

operates equipment to support or replace a patient's circulatory or respiratory function

Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DOs)

Physicians who recieve the DOs tend to stress preventitive treatments and use a hostilic approach to treating a pateitn which means they don't focus only on the disease but on the entire person. DOs actively intervene in attacking and eradicating diseases

Flexible spending accounts

provides employees with the option of setting aside pretax income to pay for out of pocket medical expenses. employees must submit claims for these expenses and are reimbursed from their spending accounts

copayments

costs that the patient must pay at the time they recieve the services

Medicare part A

primarily financed from payroll taxes, the employer and employee conribute to the social security fund. Employees contribute 1.45 percent of wages which is matched by employers. Self-employed individuals pay 2.9% of earnings. Part A covers hospital inpatient services, care in a skilled nursing facility, home health visits and hospitl care. Medicare patients must pay a deductible of one hospital day of care with copayments for each of the 65-90th day equal to 25% of the deductible (this shit makes no sense bro)

Medicare part B

a supplemental health care plan to cover physician services. Coverage includes physician care, durable medical equipment, and physician ordered supplies, ambulatory surgical services, outpatient hospital care. Part B is made available when enrollees sign up for part A

Medicare part C

referred to as medicare managed care. It is required to cover all services in part A and B. it is voluntary and available when an individual enrolls in prts A and B. This program was designed to moove medicare patients into more cost effective health insurance programs such as HMOs or PPOs. Enrollment is november 15th-december 31st of each year with benefits starting janurary 1st of the next year. Part C also established anti-fraud and abuse programs, additional prevention programs for prostate cancer, and other stuff.

Medicare part D (medicare prescription drug improvement and modernization act of 2003)

produced the largest additions and changes to medicare and was projected to cost nearly 750 billion in the first 10 years. Purpose is to provide relief from costly prescription costs fror senior. Like part B, it is a voluntary program because enrollees pay a prmium for coverage. Benefits include: affordable prescription drug plans were made available for medicare advantage plan enrollees and traditional medicare health plans.

The worker's compensation program

protects both the employer and employee if there is a job related injury and illness

monetary contribution

most insurance policie require this from the covered indivudal that can include copayment, deductible, and coinsurance

a fee for service

was the traditional health insurance plan that paid a fee for a provided service by the provier. this system increased the costs of healthcare throughout its history

managed care

refers to the cost management of health care services utilization by controling who the consumer sees and how mcuh the service costs

Two types of managed care: Health maintenance organizations (HMOS)

the oldest type od managed care. memebers must see their primary care provider first in order to see a specialist

Two types of managed care: preferred provider organizations

does not have a gatekeeper like the HMO so a memeber does not need a referral to see a specialist