History Final 2022 Flashcards

Interchangeable Parts

Identical parts that can replace each other

Indulgences

Pardons issued by the Pope that could reduce a soul's time in purgatory

Humanism

An intellectual movement that focused on the study of worldly subjects such as poetry and philosophy, and on human potential and achievement

Guillotine

A device used during the French Revolution for beheading people

Feudalism

A political and social system based on the granting of land in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services

Excommunication

Exclusive from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey a Church law

Vernacular

Everyday language of the people

Theocracy

A government ruled by religious leaders who claim God's authority

Sultan

A Muslim ruler

Socialism

A political and economic system in which society, usually in the form of government, owns the means of production.

Social Contract

An agreement between a people and their government, stating that people would give up some of their freedom and in return, their government would provide them with peace, security, and order.

Serfs

Agricultural workers who were bound to the land on which they worked.

Secular

Having to do with worldly, rather than religious, matters.

San Culottes

A radical group of artisans and workers during the French Revolution who wore long pants in contrast to the knee breeches of the nobility.

Salons

Gatherings in which intellectual and political ideas were exchanged during the Enlightenment.

Realpolitik

The belief in practical goals of theory in Political Philosophy

Radical

A person with extreme views

Plebiscite

The procedure used to submit the constitution of a new government to the people for a yes-or-no vote

Philosophes

French thinkers who desired reform in society during the Enlightenment

Perspectives

Allowed artists to represent three-dimensional objects on flat surfaces

Patrons

Buyers of art

Nationalism

Sense of pride and devotion to one's nation

Napoleonic Code

Body of French civil laws introduced in 1804 that served as a model for many nations' civil codes

Merchantilism

Policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver

Medieval

Referring to the period of history in Europe between ancient and modern times

Magna Carta

A charter that granted nobles certain rights and restricted the king's power

Laissez-faire

A business system where companies are allowed to conduct business without interference by the government

Labor Union

An organization representing workers' interests

Kulturkampf

Bismark's struggle to limit the influence of the Catholic Church in Germany

Kaiser

Title given to the ruler of Germany

Abdicate

Give up or step down from power

Absolute Monarchy

A government in which the king/queen has unlimited power and authority over his or her people

Annex

Adding territory to an existing state or country

Anti-Semitism

Hostility or prejudice towards Jews

Assembly Line

A process in which a product is moved forward through many work stations, where workers perform specific tasks.

Autocrat

Ruler who has complete authority

Black Death

A terrible outbreak of bubonic plague that swept through Europe

Bourgeoisie

The urban middle class which included merchants, professionals, and manufacturers

Bushido

Code of conduct for Samurai during the feudal period in Japan

Capital

Money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise

Capitalism

Economic system in which most businesses are privately owned

Chivalry

Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages

Circumnavigate

To proceed completely around

Communism

Economic and political system in which government owns the means of production and controls economic planning, and social classes cease to exist

Conquistador

A Spanish soldier and explorer who led military expeditions in the Americas

Continental System

A blockade preventing French or French-allied ships from trading with Great Britain

Coup D'etat

The sudden overthrow of a government by force

Diet

An assembly or legislature

Entrepreneur

A risk taker who starts a new business within the economic system of capitalism

Estates

Social Classes