ch. 5 nutrition wcjc richards

What is the primary energy source for the body?

Glucose

What are the two main types of carbohydrates?

Simple carbohydrates (sugars) and complex carbohydrates (starches and fiber)

What process do plants use to make carbohydrates?

Photosynthesis

What is a monosaccharide?

The simplest form of carbohydrate; the basic chemical unit of carbohydrates.

Name three examples of monosaccharides.

Glucose, fructose, galactose

What is a disaccharide?

A sugar composed of two monosaccharides.

Give three examples of disaccharides.

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

What is sucrose commonly known as?

Table sugar

How is sucrose produced?

By refining sugar cane or sugar beets.

What are nutritive sweeteners?

Sweeteners that contribute energy to foods, providing 4 kcal/g.

What are alternative nutritive sweeteners?

Substances that sweeten food but provide fewer kilocalories than sugars.

What are polysaccharides?

Complex carbohydrates made of bonded monosaccharides.

What is starch?

The storage form of carbohydrate (glucose) in plants.

What is glycogen?

The storage form of carbohydrate (glucose) in humans and other animals.

What are the two forms of dietary fiber?

Insoluble and soluble fiber.

Where does carbohydrate digestion primarily occur?

In the small intestine.

What role does insulin play in the body?

Helps glucose enter most cells and decreases hunger.

What is glucagon?

A hormone that opposes insulin's effects and promotes glycogen breakdown.

What are ketone bodies?

Byproducts of incomplete fat breakdown, used for energy during fasting or low-carb diets.

What condition can result from very high blood ketone bodies?

Ketoacidosis

What information does the Nutrition Facts panel provide?

Amounts of total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, total sugars, and added sugars.

What does 'added sugars' refer to?

Sugars that are added to sweeten the food.

What happens to fiber when foods are refined?

Fiber is often removed.

What is the main site for carbohydrate absorption?

The small intestine.

What enzymes are involved in carbohydrate digestion?

Pancreatic amylase, maltase, sucrase, and lactase.

What is the role of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism?

Receives absorbed glucose, fructose, and galactose from the small intestine.

What is the primary characteristic of diabetes mellitus?

Abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism, with hyperglycemia as the primary sign.

What are the two major types of diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes.

What causes Type 1 diabetes?

It is an autoimmune disease where beta cells stop making insulin.

What is required for individuals with Type 1 diabetes?

A source of insulin, usually through injections.

What is the most common type of diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes.

What is a significant risk factor for developing Type 2 diabetes?

Sedentary lifestyles and excess body fat.

What percentage of diabetes cases does Type 1 account for?

About 5% of cases.

What is gestational diabetes?

A form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, usually after the 5th month.

What are some risks associated with poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy?

Increased risk of severe hypertension, miscarriage, premature birth, or stillbirth.

What is the goal of diabetes management?

Maintenance of normal or near-normal blood glucose levels.

What is hypoglycemia?

Abnormally low blood glucose levels, defined as fasting blood glucose < 70 mg/dl.

What can happen if blood glucose levels are too low?

Seizures, loss of consciousness, and death can occur.

What is lactose intolerance?

Inability to digest lactose due to inadequate lactase, leading to intestinal discomfort.

What are common symptoms of lactose intolerance?

Intestinal cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea.

How can one manage lactose intolerance?

By avoiding lactose or using lactase-containing pills before consuming lactose.

What are the recommended daily fiber intakes for men and women?

38 grams for men and 25 grams for women.

What health risks can a high-fiber diet help reduce?

Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, certain intestinal tract disorders, and heart disease.

What is the typical fiber intake in the American diet?

About 17 grams per day.

What is the relationship between added sugars and hunger?

Foods high in added sugars and refined starches do not satisfy hunger as much as fatty or protein-rich foods.

What are the health risks associated with sugar-sweetened beverages?

Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.

What metabolic effect do excess carbohydrates have?

They are more likely to be burned for energy than fat, sparing stored body fat.

What is the impact of fiber on bowel movements?

Some forms of fiber swell in the large intestine, leading to softer stools and more regular bowel movements.

What is ketoacidosis?

A sign of undiagnosed or poorly controlled Type 1 diabetes.

What dietary pattern can help reduce the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes?

Following a healthy dietary pattern, such as the Mediterranean diet.