Chapter 6: Axial Skeleton

long bone

leverage

short bone

provide stability and support

sesamoid bone

protect tendons from compressive forces

irregular bone

protects internal organs

tendon and ligament attachment

periosteum

periosteum

vascularized bone membrane

medullary cavity

hollow cavity with yellow bone marrow

yellow bone marrow

contains fat

diaphysis bone type

compact bone

epiphysis bone type

spongy bone

epiphyseal line formation

cartilage hardens from osseous tissue

endosteum

medullary cavity membrane that produces bone growth and repair

flat bone example

cranial bones, scapulaw, sternum, ribs

long bone examples

humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, phalanges

short bone examples

carpals and tarsals

irregular bones

vertebral column and facial ones

sesamoid bone examples

patellae

epiphyseal plate

where bone growth occurs

articular cartilage

reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

articulation

where two bone surfaces join

projection

attachment point for tendons and ligaments

holes

allow blood vessels and nerves to enter bones

meatus

opening into a canal

tuberosity

rough surface

facet

flat surface

process

prominent feature

tubercle

small rounded process

fossa

enlongated basin

canal

passage in bone

sulcus

groove

protuberance

protruding

osteoblast

forms new bone tissue

osteoblast differentiation

osteocyte

osteocyte function

maintain the mineral concentration of matrix via enzymes

lacuna

space surrounding osteocytes

cells with no mitotic activity

osteocytes and osteoblasts

saccral bones

5

coccyx bones

4

osteogenic cell

only bone cells that divide, found in deep layers of the periosteum and marrow

canaliculi

osteocyte communication and receive nutrients

lamellae

concentric calcified matrix rings

haversian canal

center of osteon that contain lymph nodes, blood vessels, and nerves

Volkmann’s canal

perforating canals that extend to the periosteum

axis

C1 vertabrae

manubrium

first piece of sternum

xyphoid process

inferior tip of sternum

body

middle and biggest portion of sternum

sphenoid bone

keystone of the cranial floor

coronal suture

suture connecting parietal bone and frontal

lamboid suture

parietal and occipital bone suture

squamous suture

parietal and temporal suture

closed

bone breaks in two pieces

open

bone breaks in two and is sideways

transverse

impact comes from both directions

spiral

comminuted

bone breaks into several pieces

impacted

greenstick

oblique

intramembranous ossification

forms skull flat bones, cranial bones, and clavicles

ossification center

clusters of mesenchymal cells

endochondral ossification

forms bones at the base of skull and long bones

appositonal growth

bone growth diameter wise