Bio Exam 4

Animals, such as hydras and jellies can exchange gases directly with the environment by

Diffusion

In humans, oxygen is delivered from the environment to the cells of the body by

A closed circulatory system

What is a characteristic of open circulatory systems but NOT closed circulatory systems?

Open-ended vessels

In animals with a closed circulatory system, gas exchange occurs across the thin walls of

Capillaries

Veins carry

Blood toward the heart

What is one way in which the cardiovascular system of a mammal is different than that of an arthropod such as an insect?

A mammal’s blood is always contained inside vessels while an insect’s blood sometimes leaves the vessels

Which animal has a double circulatory system?

Dog

Which animal has an open circulatory system?

Beetles

How do oxygen and carbon dioxide cross capillary walls?

Diffusion

What best describes the function of the left ventricle

It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systematic circulation

Blood circulation in humans

Valves prevents the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles

Pulmonary circulation

Pumps blood between the heart and lungs

Systemic circulation

Pumps blood between the heart and the rest of the body

What do the dissolved substances and water represent?

Plasma

Which vessel has the structure best suited to chemical exchange between the blood and tissues?

Capillary

Which carries oxygen poor blood

Pulmonary arteries

If your blood pressure were 120/70 it would mean that

Your blood pressure during systole is 120 and your blood pressure during diastole is 70

Plasma is where we could find… In the blood

Hormones

White blood cells play a particularly important role in

Fighting infections

Leukemia

A cancer of the white blood cells

Sequence of blood flow in the human body

Atrium, ventricle, artery, arterial, capillary, venule, vein

Earthworms use… As their respiratory organ

Their skin

Animals need O2 because it

Plays a role in obtaining energy from food

Most of the time breathing is controlled by

Control centers in the brain stem

Most oxygen is transported through the body

Bound to hemoglobin

Cigarette smoking has many health consequence

A former smoker will never attain the health status of a non-smoker

What causes anemia?

Bone marrow disease and iron deficiency

Why do modern humans crave food that is high in fat and sugar?

These preferences may have been advantages in our evolutionary history when food was less reliably available

Certain amino acids are called essential because they

Cannot be made by the body from other compounds

Someone with liver failure will in particular have problems with the digestion and absorption of

Fats

What is the order of the four stages of food processing?

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

Both vitamins, biotin, and vitamin K are

Produced by intestinal bacteria

Anorexia and bulimia occur

Mainly in affluent countries where thinness is idealized

The stomach makes his food with the secretions of the stomach wall to form

Chyme

When the wall of the stomach fails to protect itself from erosion by gastric juice, the result is

A gastric ulcer

What does your metabolic rate depend on?

Your age, activity levels, and genes

The digestive compartment of a cnidarian (jellyfish) has … openings

One

Digestive tube

A tube shaped digestive compartment that has two openings and through which food moves in one direction

Altogether the body secretes about 7 L of water into the elementary canal each day. About what percentage of this water gets reabsorbed?

90%

What is the usual cause of heartburn?

Backflow of chime from the stomach into the esophagus

When contracted… Prevents movement of chime from the stomach to the small intestine

A sphincter

Spiders are…

Carnivores

Vitamins are…

Organic molecules that are required in the diet in very small amounts

Together with the small intestine the… Absorbs water

Colon

Most humans need about… Kilocalories per day

1,300-1,800