Chemistry Solubility Rules, Strong Acids, and Strong Bases

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO₃, HClO₄, HClO₃, H₂SO₄

Seven strong acids

LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH (Alkali metal cations)

Ca(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂, Ba(OH)₂ (Alkaline earth metal cations) Strong

Strong Bases

Sodium (Na⁺)

Always soluble

Potassium K⁺

Always soluble

NH₄⁺ Ammonium

Always Soluble

NO₃^- NItrate

Always Soluble

CH₃COO^- Acetate

Always soluble BUT moderately soluble with Ag⁺

ClO₃^- Chlorate

Always soluble

ClO₄^- Perchlorate

Always soluble

MnO₄^- Permanganate

Always Soluble

F^- Fluoride

Soluble.

Exceptions are compounds of group 2 metal cations (Alkaline earth metals) and Pb⁺²

Cl^- Chloride

Soluble.

Exceptions: compounds of Ag⁺ Hg₂⁺² and Pb⁺² (moderately soluble in hot water with Pb⁺²

Br^- Bromide

Soluble.

Exceptions: compounds of Ag⁺ Hg₂⁺² and Pb⁺² (moderately soluble with Hg⁺²)

I^- Iodide

Soluble

Exceptions: compounds of Ag⁺ Hg₂⁺² and Pb⁺²

SO₄^-2 Sulfate

Soluble.

Exceptions: compounds of Sr⁺² Ba⁺² Hg₂⁺² Hg⁺² Pb⁺²

Moderately Soluble with Ca⁺² Ag⁺

NO₂^- nitrite

soluble

moderately soluble with Ag⁺¹

S^-2 Sulfide

Insoluble

Exceptions: Compounds of NH₄⁺, the Alkali metal cations, Ca⁺² Sr⁺² Ba⁺²

CO₃^-2 Carbonate

Insoluble

Exceptions: Compounds of NH₄⁺, the Alkali metal cations

PO₄^-3 Phosphate

Insoluble

Compounds of NH₄⁺ Na⁺ K⁺

AsO₄^-3 arsenate

Insoluble

Exceptions: Compounds of NH₄⁺, the Alkali metal cations

OH^-1 Hydroxide

Insoluble

Exceptions: Compounds of NH₄⁺, the Alkali metal cations, Ca⁺² Sr⁺² Ba⁺²

O^-2

Insoluble

Exceptions: compounds of the alkali metal cations, Sr⁺² Ba⁺² NH⁺⁴

Moderately Soluble with Ca⁺²