Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Lecture Review

These flashcards cover the key concepts presented in the lecture on prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including classification, structure, function, reproduction, and ecological roles.

Prokaryotes

Organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus, divided into two domains: Bacteria and Archaea.

Archaea

A domain of prokaryotes often found in extreme environments, known for unique properties such as ether-linked membrane lipids.

Bacteria

A domain of prokaryotes characterized by features like peptidoglycan in cell walls and can be classified as Gram-positive or Gram-negative.

Extremophiles

Organisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions, such as high temperature or acidity.

Binary Fission

A method of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Gene Transfer

The movement of genetic material between organisms, often occurring through transformation, transduction, or conjugation.

Endosymbiosis

A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside another, leading to the evolution of organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Nitrogen Fixation

The process by which certain prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a form (such as ammonia) that plants can utilize.

Quorum Sensing

A process by which bacteria communicate and coordinate their behavior based on population density.

Polysaccharide Capsule

A protective layer found around some bacterial cell walls that can aid in evasion of host immune responses.

Motility

The ability of an organism to move independently using metabolic energy; many bacteria use flagella for movement.

Symbiosis

An ecological relationship between two species, which can be mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.

Gram-positive Bacteria

Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan layer that retains crystal violet dye during Gram staining.

Gram-negative Bacteria

Bacteria with a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, which do not retain crystal violet dye during Gram staining.

Biofilm

A complex aggregation of microorganisms marked by the secretion of a sticky extracellular matrix that adheres to surfaces.

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria capable of producing oxygen, often found in aquatic environments.

Eukaryotes

Organisms with membrane-bound nuclei and organelles, including protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

Plasmid

Small, circular DNA molecules within bacteria that can replicate independently and often carry genes for antibiotic resistance.