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metabolism is what?
All chemical reactions within the body
Anabolic reaction is what type of chem reaction?
builds
Catabolic is what type of chem reaction?
breaks down/ destroys
The balance of energy in out body is based on what?
input = output
What can input energy mean? what abt Output?
amount of food you eat & the energy your body uses
WHAT body system regulates your energy balance? With what 2 hormones?
endocrine system (insulin & glucagon)
What is the difference between BMR and MR
BMR is energy NEEDED to live with NO extra energy used
MR is energy to live AND any extra for activities
What factors affects BMR the most? what do they minimize)
Muscle compensation, hormones (to minimize o2 consumptio)
What would affect MR?
body compnesation and temperature, or excercise
What does postive energy balance mean and what does it cause?
input is GREATER than output and causes weight gain
What does negative energy balance mean, and what does it cause?
output (exercise) is GREATER than input causes weight loss
What state does endocrine release insulin?
absorptive state, eating
Insulin is WHICH type of metabolic reaction. (anabolic or catabolic)?
Anabolic;
i
How is insulin stimulated?
high level of glucose and amino acids in blood, increased parasymp activity, GIP, and GLP. (
What is to not abt the 4 things that stimulate insuln release?
Same thing stimulates glucagon release as well, but one hormone will be higher than the other BASED on the phases of eating (abosorptive or non-abosroptive state)
What is the difference between glucose-DEPENDENT vs glucose-INDEPENDENT
glucose-independent have their OWN glucose transporters on their tissues
glucose-dependent NEEDS insulin to place glucose transporters
What does insulin place on cells to decrease glucose blood-levels?
glucose transporters (GLUT4) on cells that allow glucose to be absorbed
How is insulin released from pancreas, WHICH is insulin-independent? (1 step)
GLUT2 transporters allow glucose to enter beta cell in pancrease & cuases celluar respiration
How is insulin released? (2nd step)
celluar respiration produces ATP, ATP closes K+ channels
How is insulin released? (3rd step)
Closed K+ cause depolarization of beta cell and stimulates Ca+ release
How is insulin released? ( 4th step)
Ca+ causes the release of Insulin from beta cells
When Glucagon is released, what are the two things that happens?
Glucose sparring, using ketones for energy, BUT it’s also acidic and causes met. acidosis
glucoNEOgenesis/glycolysis (breaks down glycogen to make new glucose)
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 means your body can’t make insulin
Type 2 means your body is resistant to insulin
A way diabetes manifest is by a falsley low glucsoe level, how does this occur?
decrease insulin/ production makes a false low glucose blood level, causing the release of more glucagon, WHICH causes hyperglycemia
What is a major effect of having diabetes (specifically type 1)
ketoacidosis
WHy does type 1 diabtes have NO insulin production?
damage to beta cells (genetic)
what is ANOTHER name for type 1 diabetes? What abt type 2?
type 1( insulin dependent)
type 2 (insulin independent)
Which 4 MAJOR organs/tissue are glucose INDEPENDENT? (doesn't need insulin to have transporters)
brain, liver, pancreas & skeletal ms
why do you urinate frequently with diabetes mellitus?
bc glucose EXCEEDS transport max so rest have to pee out
What 2 hormones do NOT affect BMR as much as others?
insulin and glucagon
What are some symptoms of HYPOglycemia?( 2 things)
sweating AND decreased insulin levels,
What are some sypmtoms of HYPERglycemia?(3 things)
frequent urination, increased thirst, fatigue.
in what state is glucagon released by the endocrine system?
non-absorptive state, fasting
When insulin is released, What 3 things will it do
increase glucose absorption, decrease glucolysis and increase glucogensis (storage of glucose)
Why is O2 consumptin important in BMR?
o2 consumption increases BMR
What kind of relationship does glucagon and insulin have?
antagonistic