Chpt 21: Metabolism/insulin & glucagon (diabetes)

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36 Terms

1
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metabolism is what?

All chemical reactions within the body

2
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Anabolic reaction is what type of chem reaction?

builds

3
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Catabolic is what type of chem reaction?

breaks down/ destroys

4
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The balance of energy in out body is based on what?

input = output

5
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What can input energy mean? what abt Output?

amount of food you eat & the energy your body uses

6
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WHAT body system regulates your energy balance? With what 2 hormones?

endocrine system (insulin & glucagon)

7
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What is the difference between BMR and MR

BMR is energy NEEDED to live with NO extra energy used

MR is energy to live AND any extra for activities

8
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What factors affects BMR the most? what do they minimize)

Muscle compensation, hormones (to minimize o2 consumptio)

9
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What would affect MR?

body compnesation and temperature, or excercise

10
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What does postive energy balance mean and what does it cause?

input is GREATER than output and causes weight gain

11
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What does negative energy balance mean, and what does it cause?

output (exercise) is GREATER than input causes weight loss

12
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What state does endocrine release insulin?

absorptive state, eating

13
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Insulin is WHICH type of metabolic reaction. (anabolic or catabolic)?

Anabolic;

i

14
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How is insulin stimulated?

high level of glucose and amino acids in blood, increased parasymp activity, GIP, and GLP. (

15
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What is to not abt the 4 things that stimulate insuln release?

Same thing stimulates glucagon release as well, but one hormone will be higher than the other BASED on the phases of eating (abosorptive or non-abosroptive state)

16
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What is the difference between glucose-DEPENDENT vs glucose-INDEPENDENT

glucose-independent have their OWN glucose transporters on their tissues

glucose-dependent NEEDS insulin to place glucose transporters

17
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What does insulin place on cells to decrease glucose blood-levels?

glucose transporters (GLUT4) on cells that allow glucose to be absorbed

18
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How is insulin released from pancreas, WHICH is insulin-independent? (1 step)

GLUT2 transporters allow glucose to enter beta cell in pancrease & cuases celluar respiration

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How is insulin released? (2nd step)

celluar respiration produces ATP, ATP closes K+ channels

20
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How is insulin released? (3rd step)

Closed K+ cause depolarization of beta cell and stimulates Ca+ release

21
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How is insulin released? ( 4th step)

Ca+ causes the release of Insulin from beta cells

22
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When Glucagon is released, what are the two things that happens?

Glucose sparring, using ketones for energy, BUT it’s also acidic and causes met. acidosis

glucoNEOgenesis/glycolysis (breaks down glycogen to make new glucose)

23
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What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Type 1 means your body can’t make insulin

Type 2 means your body is resistant to insulin

24
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A way diabetes manifest is by a falsley low glucsoe level, how does this occur?

decrease insulin/ production makes a false low glucose blood level, causing the release of more glucagon, WHICH causes hyperglycemia

25
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What is a major effect of having diabetes (specifically type 1)

ketoacidosis

26
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WHy does type 1 diabtes have NO insulin production?

damage to beta cells (genetic)

27
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what is ANOTHER name for type 1 diabetes? What abt type 2?

type 1( insulin dependent)

type 2 (insulin independent)

28
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Which 4 MAJOR organs/tissue are glucose INDEPENDENT? (doesn't need insulin to have transporters)

brain, liver, pancreas & skeletal ms

29
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why do you urinate frequently with diabetes mellitus?

bc glucose EXCEEDS transport max so rest have to pee out

30
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What 2 hormones do NOT affect BMR as much as others?

insulin and glucagon

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What are some symptoms of HYPOglycemia?( 2 things)

sweating AND decreased insulin levels,

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What are some sypmtoms of HYPERglycemia?(3 things)

frequent urination, increased thirst, fatigue.

33
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in what state is glucagon released by the endocrine system?

non-absorptive state, fasting

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When insulin is released, What 3 things will it do

increase glucose absorption, decrease glucolysis and increase glucogensis (storage of glucose)

35
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Why is O2 consumptin important in BMR?

o2 consumption increases BMR

36
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What kind of relationship does glucagon and insulin have?

antagonistic