9.1 urbanissation - CUE

Urbanisation

Increase in the proportion of the population living in urban areas

Suburbanisation

Outward growth of the urban population from the centre towards its edge

Counter urbanisation

Movement of people out of an urban area to smaller towns and cities or rural areas

Urban resurgence

Movement of people from rural areas back into urban areas

Why are urban areas important

Hubs for social/cultural exchange, high population densities, economic centres for production, centres for political power

What processes are associated with urbanisation and urban growth

Demographic, economic, social, technological and political

Social processes associated with urbanisation

Urbanised areas become cultural hubs (museums, shopping centres)

Urbanisation improves access to different jobs, education, healthcare and services

Migration increases multicultural = more diverse

Economic processes associated with urbanisation

Urbanisation lead to shift from primary sector to tertiary sector (=higher wage jobs)

Urban growth lead to development of range of businesses and industries

Economic inequalities can arise, lack of resources + cost of living = bad quality of life

Technological processes associated with urbanisation

Urban areas become centres of technological advancements

New tech introduced into cities first as high demand

Political processes associated with urbanisation

Central political institutions mostly in the capital

Political movements are usually more prevalent in cities

Demographic processes associated with urbanisation

Demographic more diverse

Demographic more made up of young adults

Older people usually in suburbs for a better quality of life

What are the processes associated with urbanisation change

Deindustrialisation, decentralisation and rise of the service economy

Deindustrialisation

The decline of industry within a country, measured by reduction of industry employment

Characteristics of deindustrialised places

Unemployment, depleting quality of life, social deprivation

Service economy

An economy where the dominant source of economic growth is through providing services

Drivers of the tertiary economy

Rising affluence - rising disposable incomes

Technological change - industries can expand and relocate, expanded the extent of labour pools

Decentralisation

Process of urban developments moving away from the city centre

Why do businesses move away from the city (decentralisation)

Developments are cheaper, land prices cheaper

Deindustrialisation associated with urban change

Long term decrease of economic output leading to unemployment and deprivation in urban areas

Where is deindustrialisation most common

In HICs post WW2 due to machinery requirements, globalisation, increased environmental laws and legislation

Decentralisation associated with urban change

Competition for space and need for lower costs so businesses move towards edge of city

Rise of the service economy associated with urban change

Growth in research and development, growth in leisure and tourism industry, growth in office space for management functions

Why does suburbanisation occur

When wealthier people move away from centre of city to suburbs for a better quality of life

Disadvantages of suburbanisation

Inner city areas become deprived, house prices in suburbs increase

A way to manage suburbanisation

Greenbelt where building is restricted to protect rural areas

Why does counter urbanisation occur

People seek a better quality of life due to urban quality of life being unsatisfactory (pollution, overcrowding etc)

Push factors of urbanisation

Famine, drought, poor healthcare

Push factors of counter urbanisation

Pollution, economic decline, overcrowding

Pull factors of urbanisation

Jobs, education, better healthcare

Pull factors of counter urbanisation

Clean air, better value housing, countryside

Advantages of urbanisation

Population more likely to gain skills

City develops overtime due to more workers

Disadvantages of urbanisation

Increase in unplanned housing

Large social divides in cities

Water pollution and poor more likely to be exploited

Advantages of counter-urbanisation

Forces inner city areas to regenerate

Reduces overcrowding and housing shortages

Disadvantages of counter-urbanisation

Higher rural prices, more traffic and congestion, conflict between elderly and new residents

When does urban resurgence occur

After schemes are put in place to improve the quality of life in the city area

Problems of gentrification and excess wealth

Original residents struggle to keep up with new housing process and increased prices for living