AP Psych: Intelligence Chapter

Factor Analysis

A statistical method used to identify clusters of related items (factors) on a test.

Charles Spearman

A psychologist who proposed the theory of general intelligence ('g').

General Intelligence (G)

A general intelligence factor that Spearman believed underlies all cognitive abilities.

Robert Sternberg

A psychologist known for his Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.

Triarchic Theory

Sternberg’s theory proposing three aspects of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.

Howard Gardner

A psychologist who proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences.

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Gardner’s theory that intelligence includes various distinct types, not a single trait.

Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

The ability to manage and use emotions effectively in oneself and others.

Divergent Thinking

The ability to generate many different ideas or solutions to a problem.

Convergent Thinking

The ability to narrow down many ideas to one correct or best solution.

Standardization

The process of administering a test in the same way to all test-takers.

Reliability

The consistency of a test's results over time.

Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

Savant Syndrome

A condition where a person demonstrates exceptional skills in a specific area despite overall cognitive limitations.

Bell-Shaped Curve

Intelligence tests produce a normal distribution of scores, forming a ____________

IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

A score derived from standardized intelligence tests to measure intellectual abilities.

IQ Formula

The IQ score is calculated as (Mental Age / Chronological Age) x 100, with an average score of 100.

Gifted

Individuals with IQs above 130.

Intellectual Disability

Individuals with an IQ below 70, often with challenges in daily functioning.

Alfred Binet

A psychologist who developed the first practical intelligence test.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

An intelligence test developed by Lewis Terman, based on Binet’s original test.

Lewis Terman

A psychologist who adapted the Binet-Simon scale into the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale

A series of intelligence tests designed by David Wechsler, assessing different intelligence aspects.

Achievement

Tests that measure what a person has already learned.

Aptitude

Tests that predict a person’s future ability or potential in a specific area.

Indicators of Intelligence

Cognitive abilities, emotional intelligence, and creativity that signify intelligence.

Flynn Effect

The observed rise in average IQ scores over the 20th century.

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation driven by internal factors, such as personal satisfaction.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation driven by external rewards, such as money or grades.

Intelligence & Neural Plasticity Correlation

Research suggests higher intelligence is correlated with greater neural plasticity.

Down Syndrome

A genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra 21st chromosome.

Heritability

The proportion of variation in intelligence attributed to genetic factors.

Differences in Intelligence Among: Age and Race

Intelligence may change over a lifespan and is correlated with environmental factors.

Head Start Programs

Early childhood education programs for low-income children to improve development.

Content Validity

The extent to which a test represents all aspects of the construct it measures.

Predictive Validity

The extent to which a test predicts future performance or behavior.