Studied by 11 peopleWhat are the steps of the scientific method?
problem
hypothesis
procedure
analyze
conclusion
What is an hypothesis?
An educated guess
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Which axis does the independent variable go on?
x-axis
On which axis does the dependent variable belong?
y-axis
What is a control group?
the group that does not receive the treatment
The eight characteristics of life
Cellular organization.
Reproduction
Metabolism
Homeostasis
Heredity
Response to stimuli.
Growth and development.
Adaptation through evolution.
ionic bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
Why are hydrogen bonds important?
They cause water to be attracted to each other.
Cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
Adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
capillary action
the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid
surface tension
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
Why does oil and water not mix?
oil is non polar and water is polar
Mixture
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
Parts of a solution
solute and solvent
Solution
A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.
Suspension
A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration
Ions
Charged atoms
Example of an Ion
Sodium, Chloride, and calcium
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
Example of an isotope
Carbon-12, Carbon-13, Carbon-14
What does the pH scale measure?
how acidic or basic a substance is
Difference between acids and bases
acids have more hudrogen ions and bases have more OH ions
Buffers
substances that minimize changes in pH
Parts of a chemical reaction
reactants and products
catalyst
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
What is the function of an enzyme
increase rate of reaction
What is the relationship between an enzyme and substrate?
Enzymes are proteins that act upon substrate molecules.
Carbohydrates
the starches and sugars present in foods
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
Carbohydrates Functions
energy and structure
Lipids
fats and oils
Lipids monomer
glycerol and fatty acids
Lipids function
store energy
Proteins
Chains of amino acids
Proteins function
build, maintain and repair tissue in body
nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acids functions
store and transmit genetic information
What are the three components of the cell theory?
All living things are made up of cells
cells are the basic unit of life
new cells are produced from existing cells
The two main types of cells
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
transport and storage
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
creates lipids or fat
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
Vacuole
A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area
cell membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
Golgi apparatus
stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
Cytoplasm
the portion of the cell outside the nucleus
Which organelles of a plant cell do cellular energetics process occur?
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Which organelles of an animal cell do cellular energetics process occur?
Mitochondria
What is the purpose of the cell membrane?
Regulates what enters and leaves cell, provides protection, and provides support.
What three macromolecules make up the cell membrane?
Phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
What macromolecules are phospholipids?
lipids
How does diffusion work?
particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
How does osmosis work?
It occurs when water is diffused through a semipermeable membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
Hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
Hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
Isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
Active transport requires energy for the movement of molecules whereas passive transport does not require energy for the movement of molecules.
passive diffusion
movement of substances across a semipermeable membrane with the concentration gradient; this process does not require energy
Osmosis
diffusion of water
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
Protein pump (active)
transmembrane proteins
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
Exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
What molecule on the cell membrane allows for facilitated diffusion and active transport to occur?
Carrier Proteins
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Describe two types of feedback mechanisms
Positive and Negative
Note 
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