AI - Hydrocarbons and Molecular Diversity

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to hydrocarbons and molecular diversity, focusing on structures, nomenclature, functional groups, and isomerism.

Hydrocarbons

Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen, forming the basis of many organic molecules.

Alkanes

The simplest class of hydrocarbons with only single bonds, having the general formula CnH2n+2.

Functional Groups

Specific groups of atoms within molecules that confer unique chemical properties.

Isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.

Nomenclature

The system of naming chemical compounds, particularly alkanes.

Carbon Cycle

The process through which carbon is recycled in the environment, involving carbon dioxide and plants.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outer shell of an atom that are involved in chemical bonding.

Octet Rule

The tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in their valence shell for stability.

C-C Single Bond

A bond in alkanes where two carbon atoms are connected by a single bond.

C=C Double Bond

A bond found in alkenes, representing the connection between two carbon atoms with a double bond.

C≡C Triple Bond

A bond found in alkynes, representing the connection between two carbon atoms with a triple bond.

Saturated Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds and have maximum hydrogen content.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons containing one or more double or triple bonds.

Structural Isomerism

Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms within the molecule.

Stereoisomerism

Isomers that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms.

Homologous Series

A series of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties.

Alkyl Groups

Groups derived from alkanes by removing one hydrogen atom, used in naming alkanes with substitutions.

Condensed Formula

A chemical formula that shows the number of each atom present but omits many bonds.

Tertiary Structure

The overall 3D shape of a polypeptide or protein, caused by interactions among R groups.

Hydrophobic

Describes molecules that do not interact well with water.

Cis-Trans Isomers

Types of stereoisomers that differ based on the orientation of functional groups around a double bond.

Chirality

A property of a molecule that makes it non-superimposable on its mirror image.

Enantiomers

Pairs of molecules that are mirror images of each other, often with different biological activities.

IUPAC Naming

The systematic naming process for organic compounds based on their structure.

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins, with an amino group, carboxyl group, and R group structure.

Aldose Sugar

A type of sugar (monosaccharide) that contains an aldehyde group.

Ketone

A functional group characterized by a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O).

Methyl Group

A hydrocarbon group (–CH3) that acts as a substituent in organic molecules.

Phosphate Group

A functional group consisting of phosphorus and oxygen, important in energy transfer (e.g., ATP).