Heart & Neck Vessels

How much blood does the heart pump every minute?

5 quarts

What is the term for the heart's contraction phase?

Systole

What is the term for the heart's relaxation phase?

Diastole

What sound is produced when the AV valves close?

S1, described as a crisp and clear 'LUB'

What sound is produced when the semilunar valves close?

S2, described as a clear and crisp 'DUP'

What does S3 indicate in heart sounds?

It occurs immediately after S2 and is the earliest sign of heart failure.

What does S4 indicate in heart sounds?

It occurs just before S1 and is a sign of coronary artery disease or cardiomyopathy.

What are murmurs in the context of heart sounds?

They occur when blood flow through the heart is turbulent.

What are the causes of heart murmurs?

Increased blood velocity, decreased blood viscosity, and structural defects in valves or heart chambers.

What is preload in cardiac physiology?

The volume of blood that fills the ventricles during diastole.

What is afterload in cardiac physiology?

The pressure that the ventricles must pump against.

What is a bruit?

Turbulent blood flow heard anywhere in the body other than the heart.

How does the cardiovascular system adapt during pregnancy?

Blood volume increases by 30-50% and pulse rate increases by 10-20 bpm.

When does the fetal heart begin to beat?

By the end of the 3rd week of pregnancy.

What should be noted during the physical examination of carotid arteries?

Palpate gently one at a time, noting the rate, rhythm, and force.

What does bilateral jugular vein distention indicate?

It can indicate heart failure.

What are the grades of heart murmurs?

Grade 1: Barely audible; Grade 2: Clearly audible but faint; Grade 3: Moderately loud; Grade 4: Loud with palpable thrill; Grade 5: Very loud with palpable thrill; Grade 6: Loudest, can be heard with stethoscope lifted off the chest wall.