M1 - Inorganic Medicinals Part 1

O2, nonmetal, Si, metalloid, Al, metal

relative abundance: element (earth)

> 1st: __ ( __ )

> 2nd: __ ( __ )

> 3rd: __ ( __ )

aluminum

most abundant metal

N2, N2 + O2, 71%:29%

air gas

> __

> air: __ + __ ( __ : __ )

Ar, Xe, Kr

noble gas

> most abundant: __

> least abundant: __

> 2nd least abundant: __

potassium, sodium

most abundant intracellular and extracellular cation

biphosphate, chloride

most abundant intracellular and extracellular anion

magnesium, calcium

2nd most abundant intracellular and extracellular cation

sulfate, bicarbonate

2nd most abundant intracellular and extracellular anion

bicarbonate (HCO3-) : carbonic acid (H2CO3-)

most abundant/important physiological buffer system (maintains pH)

respiratory acidoses

inc CO2

respiratory alkalosis

dec CO2

metabolic alkalosis

inc HCO3

metabolic acidosis

dec HCO3

sodium bicarbonate

DOC for metabolic acidosis

calcium chloride

DOC for metabolic alkalosis

vit C, D, E

vitamins for maximum mineral absorption:

> Fe: __

> Ca: __

> Se: __

black cylinder

storage containers:

N2

blue cylinder

storage containers:

NO2, N2O

blue bottle

storage containers:

Mg(OH)i

green cylinder

storage containers:

O2

dark green

storage containers:

Ar

grey

storage containers:

CO2

brown

storage containers:

He

red

storage containers:

H2

maroon

storage containers:

acetylene

yellow

storage containers:

Cl2

coated with petroleum or under oil (reactive)

storage containers: Li

under water

storage containers:

white/yellow P

silica + Na2CO3

glass: __ + __

highly resistant borosilicate, pyrex, borosil

glass type 1

dec coefficient of expansion, powdered glass test

type 1 glass

> boron use: __

> leach test: __

treated soda lime glass

type 2 glass

alkaline acid or neutral powerback, water attack test

type 2 glass

> use: __

> leach test: __

soda lime glass

type 3 glass

dry powder packaging, for parentals, powdered glass test

type 3 glass:

> use: __, __

> leach test: __

general soda lime glass

type 4 glass

for general purposes, non-parenterals

type 4 glass

> use: __

leaching

process by which a component of the glass will react with the drug

brown/amber, light resistant

glass modification:

K

red

glass modification:

Se

vaseline/yellow green

glass modification:

U

masks blue-green color of Fe usually present in glass

glass modification:

MnO2

dec coefficient of expansion

glass modification:

B (as borate)

inc refractive index

glass modification:

Pb

selectively absorb light of certain wavelengths

glass modification:

rare earths

glass etching

glass modification:

HF

10%

Amber containers (used for pharmaceuticals sensitive to light) are resistant if NMT __ of light transmiance at any wavelength ranging from 290-450 nm

bipolar disorder, manic disorder, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypothyroidism, pregnancy problems

lithium

> use: __, __

> causes: __, __, __, __

movement disorder, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, ebstein's anomaly

lithium

> hypokalemia: __

> hyponatremia: __

> teratogenic: __

ebstein's anomaly

congenital heart disease; abnormal tricuspid valve

hyponatremia, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, do not restrict Na intake, hypernatremia, fluid retention

sodium

> deficiency: __

> dec in Na will cause __

> treatment: __

> toxicity: __, __

hypokalemia, muscle paralysis, severe burns, diarrhea, hyperkalemia, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, cation exchange resin

potassium

> def: __, __

> major cause of def: __, __

> toxicity: __

> antidote: __ (classification: __)

wilson's disease, bronze colored skin, penicillamine

copper

> toxicity: __

> sign: __

> ax: __

argyria, NaCl

silver

> toxicity: __

> ax: __

dermatitis, glossitis/tongue inflammation, BAL, dimercaprol

gold

> toxicity: __, __

> ax: __/__

hypocalcemia, bowed legs, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, muscle spasm, tetany, seizure, hypercalcemia, constipation, EDTA

calcium

> deficiency: __

> defective bone mineralization/rickets: __ (children), __ (adults)

> __: defective bone resorption/brittled bone

> other manifestations of hypocalcemia: __, __, __

> toxicity: __

> manifestation of hypercalcemia: __

> ax: __

baritosis, benign pneumoconiosis, lung inflammation, hoarseness of voice, mangesium sulfate

barium

> def: __/__/__/__

> ax: __

parakeratosis, impaired immunity, metal fume fever, sodium bicarbonate, immunostimulant

zinc

> deficiency: __, __

> toxicity: __

> ax: __

> zinc is an __

itai-itai/ouch-ouch, osteomalacia, softening of the bones, Ca EDTA, immediately, palliative therapy

cadmium

> toxicity: __/__

> manifestation of toxicity: __/__

> ax: __ - given __ after exposure

> management: __

minamata disease, pink disease, mad hatter's disease, erethism

mercury

> neurotoxic: __, __, __, __

Na fromaldehyde sulfoxylate

antidote for mercurial poisoning

best antidote

reducing agent

antidote for mercurial poisoning

property of Na formaldehyde sulfoxylate

DMSA/dimercaptosuccinic acid (Succimer)

antidote for mercurial poisoning

water soluble analog of BAL

for all types of Hg poisoning

antidote for mercurial poisoning

use of DMSA

penicillamine (cuprimine)

antidote for mercurial poisoning

elemental Hg

BAL

antidote for mercurial poisoning

inorg Hg salts only

Ca EDTA

antidote for mercurial poisoning

heavy metal poisoning

collyria, medicated eyewash, antiseptic, bacteriostatic, BO3 -3 buffer system, boiled lobster appearance, reddish orange

boric acid

> use: __/__ (with __ properties and __ agent, component of __)

> toxicity: __/__

shaver's disease, bauxite pneumoconiosis, alzheimer's disease in elderly, constipation

aluminum

> toxicity: __/__ (inhalation), __ (neurotoxic), __

silicosis, pneumoultramicroscopic silicovolcanoconiosis, TB-like, hemoptysis, blood in sputum, lung irritation, alumina

Si (SiO2)

> toxicity: __/__ - __ like

> manifestation: __/__, __ due to chronic inflammation

> ax: __ - forms a coating with silica particles

plumbism/saturnism, wrist/foot drop, Ca EDTA/Ca versenate

lead

> toxicity: __, __

> manifestation: __

> ax: __, __

granuloma in skin & lungs, banned

zirconium

> toxicity: __

> availability in the market: __

garlic breath odor, luminous vomitus, severe GI irritation (bloody diarrhea, liver damage), bony necrosis, mandible, phossy jaw, lucifer's jaw, cupric sulfate, ceric sulfate

yellow/white phosphorous

> acute toxicity: __, __, __ (__, __)

> chronic toxicity: __, especially in __ - called __/__

> ax: __, __

aldrich-mee's lines, garlic breath odor, luminous vomitus, severe GI irritation, arsenocosis, cancer, BAL, dimercaprol

arsenic

> acute toxicity: __, __, __, __

> chronic toxicity: __, __

> antidote: __/__

heavy metal, blue-black gums, black stools, BAL

bismuth

> __ poisoning

> manifestations: __, __

> antidote: __

green tongue

vanadium

> tox: __

sulfite, sulfate, hypersensitive reations, angioedema, bronchospasms, anaphylaxis

sulfur

> toxic form: __

> edible form: __

> manifestations: __, __, __, __

myra E, keshan disease, contact dermatitis

selenium

> trace element found in __

> deficiency: __

> toxicity: __

secondary hyperglycemia

chromium

> deficiency: __

dental (enamel mottling), skeletal fluorosis, slow-healing burns, Ca gluconate

fluorine

> excess: __, __

> as HF, F-salts: __

> ax: __

brominism, psychosis, headache, skin eruption, NaCl, NH4Cl

bromine

> toxicity: __

> effects: __, __, __

> ax: __, __

simple.colloid goiter, pregnant, cretinism, iodism, hypothyroidism, starch solution, NaCl, Na thiosulfate

iodine

> deficiency: __

> caution to __ if deficient - __

> toxicity: __ (acute), __ (chronic)

> ax: __

parkinson-like tremor

manganese

> deficiency: __

donald duck/chipmunk sound

helium

> toxicity: __/__

Gi irritation, hemochromatosis, cardiac collapse, defroxamine

iron

> toxicity: __, __, __

> antidote: __

trace, megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia, hydroxocobalamin, cyanocobalamin Vit B12

cobalt

> essential in __ amount

> deficiency: __, __

> ax: __, __ (Vit __)

nickel itch, contact dermatitis, fake jewelries

nickel

> toxicity: __, manifested through __

> found in __

activated charcoal + tannic acid + MgO (2:1:1)

universal antidote

household and industrial poisons (CN and kerosene poisoning)

CI of ATM antidote

ingestion, destructive distillation, adsorptive power, fine form, adsorbent

activated charcoal:

> used as antidote if poisoning is by __

> __ residue of various organic materials treated to increase __

> official (USP): __

> uses: __

disodium EDTA/edetate disodium

antidote for the emergency treatment of hypercalcemia

hypocalcemia

S/E of disodium EDTA/edetate disodium

calcium disodium edetate, edetate calcium disodium

antidote for heavy metal poisoning

does not ppt, hypocalcemia

advantage of calcium disodium edetate/edetate calcium disodium

amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate

CN antidote kit component

NaHCO3, hyperbaric/100% O2 (2-3 atm)

supplemental agents for CN- poisoning

treatment of hypoxia

use of hyperbaric O2

P & Paraquat poisoning

CI of amyl nitrite + Na Nitrite + Na thiosulfate antidote

methylene blue, hydroxocobalamin

other agents used in CN- poisoning

methemoglobin inducer, binds with cyanide

Na nitrite and its action