AP Human Geography Unit 3 Study Guide

Diffusion

is the process by which cultural elements, ideas, technologies, and other phenomena spread from their point of origin to other locations.When things spread and then spread more widely.

Cultural diffusion

is the process of spreading cultural traits, ideas, and practices from one group to another through interactions like migration, trade, and communication. When aspects of culture spread from one region to another.

Expansion Diffusion

When ideas, innovation or cultural practices spread from its origins and are influenced by the area it spreads to.

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of cultural traits, ideas, or innovations that happens when people physically move from one location to another, carrying their culture with them.

Hierarchical Diffusion

Spread of an idea or cultural trait from a larger group, very influential place, to a smaller group, less influential place.

Contagious Diffusion

The rapid spread of an idea or cultural trait from direct person to person contact. Spread when people interact with each other.

Stimulus Diffusion

Type of cultural diffusion where ideas are adopted but the original traits are transformed throughout the process.

Cultural Landscapes

The visible imprint of human activity on the physical environment, showcasing the relationship between people and their surroundings.

Sequent Occupance

The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.

Sense of Place

The emotions someone attaches to an area based on their experiences, memories.

Gendered Space

Areas or environments that are socially constricted: specific meanings Ex: restroom

Ethnic Neighborhood

Area containing members of the same ethnic community

Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion

Culture spreads from little places to big places.

Gay Districts

Community for the LGBTQ+ group

Indigenous views of space

Associate religion with space

Cultural Patterns

Shared characteristics such as beliefs, customs, behaviors, and values of a specific group or society.

Cultural Placemaking

The process by which a society expresses its cultural identity in the physical world.

Culture act as a Centrifugal and Centripetal force

Through a shared language, ethnic group, or religion.

Culture

A total way of life held in common by a group of people. Language, ideology, behavior, technology, and government. Have to be shared by a population.

Artifacts

Any item made by humans that represents a material aspect of a culture.

Menifacts

The core beliefs, values, and the ideas that shape the cultural identity of a group or society.

Cultural Relativism

Understanding of culture on its own terms rather than judging it by the standard of your culture.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's culture or ethnic group is superior to others.

Multiculturalism

The belief that different cultures in a society deserve value and react to unique differences.

How did culture spread on the Silk Road

Through the movement of merchants and traders who carried goods, technologies, and shared religions.

How did culture spread during the Age of Exploration

culture spread primarily through colonization, global trade networks, the forced migration of peoples (especially the transatlantic slave trade), and missionary efforts.

Globalization

The increasing connection of economic, cultural, and political characteristics across the world.

How communication devices, the internet, and social media has caused globalization

Telephone, Instant communication, internet, chat rooms, world library.

Cultural Convergence

The theory that two cultures will be more and more like each other as their interactions increase

Glocalization

Process of adapting global products or ideas to fit local cultures

Cultural Preservation

Technologies that helped connect the world can also help preserve the world

The internet has acted as a global database for all knowledge

Languages near extinction have been fully uploaded to the cloud for preservation

Witnessing cultural practices through youtube

Revolutionised fashion

Access to knowledge has increased diversity

Language Family

Collection of languages related to each other through common ancestor long before recorded history.

The original language caveman spoke thousands of years ago

Families are divided into branches

Branches are divided into groups

Groups are divided into Languages

Syncretism

Creation of a new language, culture, religion, or aspects of society through the interactions between multiple cultures.

Pidgin

A language that often emerges when 2 or more languages co exist in a small geographic area where no common language exists

Language as a Centripetal Force

Language can unite and lower tensions as well.

Language Loss

The gradual disappearance of a language as its speakers shift to speaking another language, often due to cultural or social pressure.

Threatened Language

A language whose intergenerational transmissions break down, resulting in less children learning the language.

Endangered Language

Languages at risk of falling out of use, typically b/c they have few remaining speakers.

Orthography

The way a language is written out.

Ideographic Script

A writing system that uses symbols to represent ideas and concepts rather than sounds/words.

Six major religions?

Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism.

Language as a Centrifugal Force

Language can divide and cause tension.

National Language

The theoretical or historical language that is understood by people of a country

Official Language

The language that is designated by law or policy to be used in government function.

Official language of France is French

Used in schools, businesses, and street signs

Lingua Franca

A language that is adopted as a common language between 2 speakers whose native languages are different.

Creole

Language formed by the combination of 2 or more languages.

How religion is organized/divided into

Divided into 3 parts, Branches, Denominations, and Sects

Syncretic Religion

Religions that are created by blending 2 or more religious traditions.

Universalizing Religion

A religion whose teachings are attractive to everyone

Ethnic Religion

A religion that is closely related to culture, ethnic heritage, and to the physical geography of a particular place

Hierarchical Religion

A religion with a central authority that exercises a high degree of control

Autonomous Religion

A religion that does not have a central authority but share ideas and cooperates informally

Religious Structures & Symbols

A visual representation of a religion, in the form of a image or object that hold significant religious meanings