AP World - Unit 3 SAQ

Who were the Manchu and where did they originate from?

Who were the Manchu and where did they originate from?

Nomadic warriors from manchuria

Who did the Manchu conquer?

The Ming, through the use of gunpowder technologies and horses

What was the impact of the Machu on China

Doubled it's size through the conquest of Tibet, Mongolia, and Xinjiang (central asia)

Were the Manchu tolerant or intolerant?

Tolerant - incorporated many confucian beliefs and chinese administrative techniques

Who were the Ottomans and where did they originate from?

Pastoral nomads from central asia

Who did the Ottomans conquer?

The byzantine empire (constantinople) through the use of gunpowder and seige technology

What was the impact of the Ottoman?

They were a multi-ethnic empire, who were the crossroads for eurasian trade

What were the religious characteristics of the Ottomans and those they ruled over?

Ottomans practiced sunni islam, and ruled over a sunni majority

Where the Ottomans tolerant or intolerant?

Tolerant - did not require all subjects to convert to islam or live by sharia law, but ottoman muslims still occupied the positions of highest distinctions within the social and political hierarchy and systems were put in place to ensure their elite status

What was the Ottoman millet system?

An institution in which minority religious communities were allowed to administer themselves in regard to justice, tax collection, and other important aspects of life; compelled to pay tax and segregated religious groups to reduce and maintained social hierarchy

Who were the Mughals and where did they originate from?

Pastoral nomads from the steppe region in central asia, who claimed to be descendants of the mongols

Who did the Mughals conquer?

Northern India/Dehli Sultanate and regional kingdoms

What was the impact of the Mughals

India was centralized for the first time since the Gupta and Islam was further spread through the country

What were the religious characteristics of the Mughals and those they ruled over?

Mughals practiced sunni islam, but ruled over a hindu majority

Where the Mughals tolerant or intolerant?

Tolerant - Akbar had repealed the jizya, a tax on non-muslims, allowed for people to practice their own religion, and incorporated hindus into government positions

Why did the Mughals decline?

Due to financial problems and the intolerance of aurangzeb

Who were the Safavids and where did they originate from?

Pastoral nomads from caucusus

Who/where did the Safavids conquer?

Modern day Iran/Persia

What was the impact of the Safavids?

They united tribes in Persia following the mongol collapse

What was religion was followed in the Safavid empire?

Shi'ite Islam

Where the Safavids tolerant or intolerant?

intolerant- funded shia shrines/schools, forced the conversion of non-muslims to shia islam, and forced sunni scholars into exile or killed them

What rivalries took place in the land-based empires?

Safavids vs. Ottomans: Safavids attempted to expand into Mesopotamia, but failed/Safavids were shi'ite muslims and did not recognize the Ottoman sultan as caliph; Safavids vs. Mughals: Safavids fought Mughals to try to gain land in pakistan, but failed

What were the Ottoman devshirme?

Balkan Christian communities were required to hand over a quota of young boys, who were then removed from their families, required to learn turkish and arabic, usually converted to islam, and trained for either civil administration or military service in elite janissary units *means of upward social mobility and ensured allegiance to the sultan

What could the Ottoman devshirme system be compared to?

The Manchu meritocracy/civil service exam

Who were the samurai?

Warriors who were trained to protect the daimyo, but also served as tax collectors and bureaucrats, as well

Who were the janissaries?

Elite infantry unit that formed the ottoman sultan's personal troops, which were made up by Christian boys who were taught to obey the Sultan from a young age and did not have any tribal loyalties

How did the Manchu use religious ideas to legitimize their rule?

They claimed the mandate of heaven and adopted many chinese administrative techniques and cultural practices

How did the Safavids use religious ideas to legitimize their rule?

Shi'ite rulers claimed to be descendants of Muhammad

How did the Manchu use art to legitimize their rule?

The Manchu manuscripts and paintings depicted the ruler as tolerant, open to discussion, powerful, and wealthy

How did the Mughals use art to legitimize their rule?

Mughal paintings depicted rulers as tolerant, worldy, and accepting, especially of various religious groups

How was architecture used to legitimize rule in the land based empires?

Ottomans built mosques and palaces, Manchu maintained the Forbidden City, Safavids claimed the capital Isfahan, and the Mughals built the Taj Mahal and maintained the capital

Who were the zamindars?

Tax collectors in the Mughal Empire

What was the Ming silver policy?

Taxes were to be paid in silver, which lead to a more commercial economy

What was the Sunni-Shi'ite rivalry?

A rivalry between the Ottomans/Mughals vs. the Safavids, as a result of geographic border wars and the Safavids practicing Shi'ite Islam (believed that the caliph should be a descendant of muhammad), while the Ottomans and Mughals followed Sunni Islam (believed that the caliph should be chosen by the majority)

What was Sikhism?

a syncretic faith, in which the ideas of hinduism and islam are combined - idea of reincarnation/karma from Hinduism, concept of monotheism from Islam, and the caste system is rejected

How were land based empires shaped by diverse populations?

Political and religious disputes between groups influenced conflicts between states (Safavids), while other rulers developed various policies to deal with tolerance

How did land based empires deal diversity?

Empires demonstrated tolerance (Mughals and Ottomans), some empires united their people under one religion and weren't tolerant to other religions (Safavids), others combined conquered peoples cultural practices with their own (Manchu)